Table Of ContentAnna Goppel
Killing Terrorists
Ideen & Argumente
Herausgegeben von
Wilfried Hinsch und Lutz Wingert
Anna Goppel
Killing Terrorists
A Moral and Legal Analysis
DE GRUYTER
ISBN:978-3-11-028442-3
e-ISBN:978-3-11-027727-2
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Acknowledgments
Various people and institutions have helped me along the way as I completed
this project. I am very grateful for their support. First and foremost, I would
like to thank Stefan Gosepath who supervised my PhD thesis on which this
book is based. His valuable personal and academic support was always forth-
coming. I am particularly grateful for his confidence in me and my project
right from the beginning which formed my academic path far beyond this
book.IamindebtedtoGeorgMohrandChristianWalterfortheirexaminers’re-
ports.SpecificallyIwouldliketomentionChristianWalter’scommentregarding
the territorial scope of non-international armed conflicts which I took into ac-
countinrevisingthebookmanuscript.Iamthankful,too,toMartinNettesheim
forprovidingmewithaninstitutionalhome.Iprofitedsignificantlyfromseveral
staysattheCentreforAppliedPhilosophyandPublicEthicsattheUniversityof
Melbourne. Iwouldliketothankall ofmycolleagues therefor manyextremely
helpful discussions. I particularly would like to express my gratitude to Tony
CoadyandIgorPrimoratzfortheirinterestinmyworkandtheircordialanden-
couraging wayof engaging with me, and to Emma Larking and Jessica Wolfen-
dale,whonotonlyhelpedtoadvancethisstudyduringourmanyconversations,
butalsoensuredthatmystaysinMelbournewillremainunforgettableexperien-
ces.Iowespecialthankstotheparticipantsofvariousworkshopsandcolloquia
whereIhadthechancetodiscussmyideas.Theirfeedbackhasbeenimmeasur-
ablyhelpful.IwouldparticularlyliketomentionthesummercoursesattheInter
UniversityCentreinDubrovnik,fortheregularinvitationstowhichIwouldlike
tothank Bernd Ladwigand GeorgLohmann.Forinspiringtimes in and beyond
Dubrovnik I would also like to mention and specifically thank Corinna Mieth,
ArndPollmannandSusanneSchmetkamp.IwouldliketothankDanielMessel-
ken, Henning Hahn, and Anne Schwenkenbecher for their constructive com-
mentsonpartsofearlierversionsofthemanuscript.Iamfurthermorethankful
toPeterSchaberforhiscontinuousencouragementduringthepublicationproc-
ess.ParticulargratitudeIwouldliketoexpresstoLudwigSiep,whooverallthe
years in many inspiring,encouraging, and caringconversations was apriceless
mentor and advisor to me.To Sarah Kelly, Chris Geissler, and Carina Fourie, I
owespecialthanksfortheirpatientcorrectingofmyEnglish.Iamgratefultosev-
eralorganizationsforprovidingfinancialsupport formyresearchandthemak-
ingofthisbook:theresearchprogrammeGlobalchallenges–transnationaland
transculturalsolutions,attheUniversityofTuebingen;theGermanAcademicEx-
changeService(DAAD);andtheUniversityResearchPriorityProgrammeforEth-
ics (UFSPE) of the Universityof Zurich.
VI Acknowledgments
WritingaPhDthesisandrevisingitintoabookmanuscriptcomeswithnot
onlyacademic,butalsoemotionalchallenges.Iamgratefultomysisterandmy
brother,toSiljaNeumann,SimoneJaegerandClaudiaSchragandtomyfriends
inBerlinwhowiththeirgreathumour,theiraffection,andtheirpositiveoutlook
onlifemademylifecolourfulnomatterhowmuchIwasstrugglingwithwriting.
My final thanks go to my parents who taught me confidence in following my
ideas and the faith that things do turn out well. I must thank myfather in par-
ticular for his endless patience and encouragement in innumerable conversa-
tions.
Zuerich, August 2012
Contents
Acknowledgments V
List of abbreviations XI
Table of cases XIII
Table of treaties XVII
Table of UN documents XX
Table of other materials XXIV
Introduction 1
Part I: Groundwork 7
Defining ‘targeted killing of terrorists’ 9
. Defining ‘targeted killing’ 9
. Defining ‘terrorist’ 17
. Distinguishable forms and cases 26
Case studies and aspects relevant for the assessment 29
. Case studies 29
. Aspects relevant for the assessment 51
Part II: International Legal Justification 55
Human rights 57
. Peacetime 58
. Armed conflicts 69
Legal acts of war 76
. The(in)dependenceofjusadbellumandjusinbelloarguments 77
. Lines of argument 79
. International armed conflicts 84
.. Conflicts with terrorists asinternational armed conflicts:
Preconditions 85
.. Imputability of non-state terrorist acts to states 91
VIII Contents
.. Conflicts with terrorists asinternational armed conflicts:
Conclusions 107
.. The legality of targeted killing in international armed conflicts 108
.. The status of terrorists and conclusions regarding the legality of
targeting and killing them 128
. Non-international armed conflicts 144
.. The legality of targeted killing in non-international armed
conflicts 144
.. Conflicts with terrorists as non-international armed conflicts and
conclusions regarding the legality of targeted killing of
terrorists 148
. Occupied territories and a ‘new’ type of armed conflict 161
.. Occupied territories 162
.. A ‘new’ type of armed conflict 165
National self-defence 167
. Preconditions of the right of national self-defence 169
. Armed attack 170
. Preventive and reactive national self-defence 181
. Proportionality and necessity 195
. Legality of targeted killing in terms of the right of national
self-defence 197
. Applicable international law and limits to the use of targeted killing
in self-defence 199
Part III: Moral Justification 203
The rationale for killing in war 1
. Morally accepted means of warfare 1
. Analogous application of the wartime rationale for killing 16
Revenge and punishment 228
. Revenge 228
. Punishment 230
Consequences(i):Consequentialismasageneralmoraltheory 237
Feindstrafrecht: Forfeiture of the right to life 249
Self-Defence: Limited forfeiture of the right to life 258
Contents IX
Consequences (ii): The situation-dependent justifying force of
consequences 288
. ‘Counter-terrorism principles’ 289
. Consequences ‘regain’ normative force 296
Concluding remarks 308
References 312
Index 326
