Table Of ContentKey Themes in Health and Social Care
This revised and expanded second edition of Key Themes in Health and Social Care is
a learning resource for students in health and social care. It provides an overview of
foundational issues and core themes in the field and introduces key areas of debate,
moving from an introductory level to in-depth discussion as the book progresses.
Divided into three parts:
• the first part sets the scene, addressing introductory psychology and sociology,
social policy, equality and diversity, skills for practice, and working with people
• the second part considers key themes such as mental health and wellbeing;
management of services; the relationship between place and wellbeing; research
in health and social care; and person-centred interventions
• the third part looks at discrete areas of practice such as mental health; ageing,
leading and managing health and social care; working with vulnerable popula-
tions; and health promotion
Each chapter begins with an outline of the content and learning outcomes and
includes reflective exercises to allow students to reflect on what they have read, review
their learning and consolidate their understanding. Time-pressed readers wanting to
‘dip into’ the book for relevant areas can do so but, read from cover to cover, the
book provides a comprehensive introduction to the key areas of contemporary health
and social care practice. It will be particularly helpful for students undertaking health
and social care undergraduate and foundation degrees.
Adam Barnard (PhD) has worked in Higher Education for over twenty years.
During this time, he has worked with a variety of students and learners across
educational contexts. He is programme leader for Professional Doctorates in Social
Practice at Nottingham Trent University. His latest works are Developing
Professional Practice in Health and Social Care (2019), Key Themes in Health and
Social Care published by Routledge in 2011, and Value Base of Social Work and
Social Care with Open University Press (2008). He is involved in the leadership
and management of research in social science including ethics, governance, super-
vision and development. He is working on a book on developing reflective practice
in Health and Social Care. He is committed to challenging policy, research and
practice that does not contribute to ethical and value-based professionalism of
frontline workers.
Verusca Calabria (PhD) is a Senior Lecturer in Health and Social Care in the
Department of Social Work, Care and Community, School of Social Sciences,
Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham (UK). Verusca is an interdisciplinary
qualitative researcher working across the Social Sciences and Humanities. Her PhD
research combined participatory-action-research with oral history to explore the
transition from institutional to community care practices. Her research interests in-
clude the history of mental health care in the UK, patient and public involvement in
health and social care, oral history, participatory action research, researcher vul-
nerability. She has presented her research at several international conferences and co-
convenes the NTU cross-faculty Oral History Network.
Louise Griffiths is a Senior Lecturer in Social Work, Care and Community at
Nottingham Trent University. Louise’s research interests include prison peer support
with particular attention paid to the Prison Listener Scheme and the self-harm be-
haviour of prisoners. Louise’s PhD thesis explored the Prison Listener Scheme’s
contribution to the reduction in self-harm within the female prison estate. Louise has
a multi-disciplinary background as she completed her MSc in Psychology and PhD in
Criminology at Nottingham Trent University.
Bailey Foster is a Research Assistant in the Social Work, Care and Community de-
partment at Nottingham Trent University. Before entering academia, Bailey worked
as a Teaching Assistant across schools in Nottinghamshire, whilst also completing an
MSc in Forensic Psychology. This has led Bailey to be interested in inequalities within
the justice system for people with additional needs. As Bailey is a researcher across the
Social Work, Care and Community department, she has also worked on projects
relating to child sexual exploitation and transitional support, consent education and
mental health.
Key Themes in Health and
Social Care
A Companion to Learning
Second Edition
Edited by Adam Barnard,
Verusca Calabria, and Louise Griffiths
Editorial Assistant Bailey Foster
Cover image: ‘Teach kids how far a little care can go’.
Credit: PeopleImages © Getty Images
Second edition published 2023
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Adam Barnard, Verusca Calabria and
Louise Griffiths; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Adam Barnard, Verusca Calabria and Louise Griffiths to be identified
as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual
chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known
or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
infringe.
First edition published by Routledge, 2010
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Names: Barnard, Adam, editor.
Title: Key themes in health and social care : a companion to learning / edited by
Adam Barnard, Verusca Calabria and Louise Griffiths ; editorial assistant Bailey Foster.
Description: 2nd edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2023. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022044707 (print) | LCCN 2022044708 (ebook) | (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Medical care. | Medical policy. | Social service.
Classification: LCC RA393 .K49 2023 (print) | LCC RA393 (ebook) |
DDC 362.1‐‐dc23/eng/20221007
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022044707
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022044708
ISBN: 978-0-367-52934-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-52932-1 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-07987-3 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003079873
Typeset in Sabon
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
Contents
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
List of Contributors ix
Acknowledgements xii
A Note on Terminology xiii
List of Abbreviations xiv
Mapping the Chapters xv
1 Introduction 1
ADAM BARNARD, VERUSCA CALABRIA, AND LOUISE GRIFFITHS
PART I 3
2 Foundations in Health and Social Care 5
DOLORES ELLIDGE
3 Human Growth and Development 22
MARTIN SMITH
4 Current Issues in Health and Social Care 39
JENNIFER SANDERS, LEE REYNOLDS, AND JAMES PIKE (WITH
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ASHLEIGH MOOGAN)
5 Working with People 53
AMY ALLEN
6 Social Policy in Health and Social Care 67
CHRIS TOWERS AND RICHARD MACHIN
7 Professional Practice and Work-Based Learning 79
DOLORES ELLIDGE, JESSICA ARNOLD, MONIQUE DUNCAN, AND
DANI SHEPHERD
vi Contents
PART II 97
8 Health, Social Care and Crime 99
JENNIFER SANDERS
9 Person-Centred Interventions 114
RICHARD MACHIN, DOLORES ELLIDGE, AND VERUSCA CALABRIA
10 Valuing Research in Health and Social Care 129
LOUISE GRIFFITHS, VERUSCA CALABRIA, AND MELANIE BAILEY
11 Managing Health and Social Care 148
AMY ALLEN
PART III 161
12 Young People and Social Care 163
ASLIHAN NISCANCI
13 Engaging Vulnerable Groups 186
CHRIS TOWERS
14 Children’s and Young People’s Mental Health 199
JESSICA ARNOLD, AMY ALLEN, DOLORES ELLIDGE,
AND RICHARD MACHIN
15 Ageing in the 21st Century 220
CHRIS TOWERS
16 Transcultural Issues 236
ASLIHAN NISANCI, ADAM BARNARD, AND WALTERS TANIFUM
17 Leadership in Health and Social Care 254
JENNIFER SANDERS
18 Conducting a Student Empirical Research Study in
Health and Social Care 269
LOUISE GRIFFITHS, PENNY SIEBERT, AND ALICE LEE
19 Conclusion 284
ADAM BARNARD AND VERUSCA CALABRIA
20 Glossary 296
ADAM BARNARD, VERUSCA CALABRIA, AND LOUISE GRIFFITHS
Health and Social Care Timeline 310
Index 318
Figures
2.1 Words related to being healthy (NTU 2020) 6
2.2 Hierarchy of needs 9
5.1 Equality vs. equity 56
7.1 The environment, culture, physical disorders, other (Crouch 2016) 83
7.2 Skills 85
7.3 Progress 89
9.1 Co-production and service-user involvement (National Council of
Voluntary Organisations) 119
10.1 Good qualitative research follows the process above 136
10.2 The Action Research Cycle (Kemmis and McTaggart, 1982) 137
13.1 Moment of reflection 187
13.2 What would you do? 191
13.3 Moment of reflection. Will you see yourself as vulnerable? 191
13.4 Case study: Clive: When to intervene? 192
13.5 Reflective moment: Sexual relations, vulnerability and Direct
payments 194
14.1 Child Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) 209
15.1 Case study: Rose. With permission from the author 225
15.2 Moment of reflection. With permission from the author 225
15.3 The life cycle: What’s missing? Attributed permission from
the author 226
15.4 What does this poem tell you about life experience, what issues
does this inspire you as you read it? With permission from
the author 227
15.5 Moment of reflection. With permission from the author 229
15.6 Fuel or food: Rupinder’s dilemma. With permission from
the author 230
16.1 Stereotypes may lead to discrimination 238
16.2 Thompson’s (2012) Personal–Cultural–Structural (PCS)
Model. With permission from the author 239
16.3 Three dimensions of cultural competence 240
17.1 STAR stands for situation, task, action, result 265
18.1 The research process. With permission from the author 270
Tables
4.1 Moment of reflection 50
5.1 Skills 59
6.1 Beveridge’s Giants (Hudson et al. 2015) 69
7.1 Planning 87
7.2 Eustress and distress 90
12.1 The number of social care setting providers which serve
children and young people as of 31 March 2021 (Ofsted 2021) 165
16.1 The stereotypes I hold (Part I) 249
16.2 The stereotypes I hold (Part II) 249
18.1 Research considerations 272
18.2 Example 272
18.3 Suggested chapter structure 275
18.4 Suggested chapter structure (2) 278
21.1 Time Line in Health and Social Care 310
Contributors
Amy Allen has 10 years of experience in teaching and course coordination. She has
delivered a wide range of health and social care courses in colleges, schools and
higher education settings. Amy is the Course Leader for the FdSc Assistant
Practitioner in Health Apprenticeship and module leader for Managing Health and
Social Care.
Jessica Arnold is a registered Mental health Nurse and holds a Masters of Science
(MSc) in the specialism of Mental Health Nursing. She was chosen to be a Scholar
with the Royal College of Nursing for her graduate nurse training and undertook
this at the University of Nottingham. Jessica has a wealth of experience being a
clinical supervisor, mentor and practice assessor to student nurses (mental health
and learning disability) in clinical practice throughout her nursing career.
Melanie Bailey has worked in a range of Health and Care settings over the last
10 years which included Primary care, Mental Health and Secondary care. After
gaining practical experience in her specialised field of public Health and Alcohol
misuse Melanie moved in to full time Academia in January 2021. She has taught
on a variety of health related courses including Undergraduate and Postgraduate at
a variety of institutions across England including the Health and Social Care
Degree at Nottingham Trent University.
Monique Duncan has recently graduated from Nottingham Trent University with a
BA (Hons) Health and Social Care degree and currently works as a Support
Worker within the speciality of Acquired Brain injury. Prior to this, Monique
worked within the speciality of Mental Health. Monique is an Alumni Fellow at
Nottingham Trent University and shall be returning to study MSc in Paramedic
Science.
Dolores Ellidge (MA, RGN, RHV) currently works as a senior lecturer in nursing at
the University of Lincoln and Associate Lecturer with The Open University
working on both nursing and health and social care programmes. She is a
Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dolores qualified as an adult nurse in
1986, as a Specialist Community Public Health Practitioner (Health Visiting) in
1997 and gained a Masters in Online and Distance Learning in 2018.
Alice Lee completed her BA (Hons) Health and Social Care at Nottingham Trent
University. The degree is for people wanting to work in a helping, restorative and
