Table Of ContentKEY CONCEPTS in VCE
LEGAL STUDIES
UNITS 3 & 4
SECOND EDITION
KEY CONCEPTS in VCE
LEGAL STUDIES
UNITS 3 & 4
SECOND EDITION
Annie WILSON
Graeme SMITHIES
Peter FARRAR
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
Cathy GENTILE Simon PHELAN Ersilia BRUNO
KEY CONCEPTS in VCE
LEGAL STUDIES
UNITS 3 & 4
SECOND EDITION
Annie WILSON
Graeme SMITHIES
Peter FARRAR
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
Cathy GENTILE Simon PHELAN Ersilia BRUNO
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Title: Key concepts in VCE legal studies. Units
3 & 4 / Peter Farrar, Graeme Smithies,
Annie Wilson.
ISBN: 978 1 118 31049 6 (pbk.)
978 1 118 34360 9 (flexisaver)
978 1 118 31051 9 (eBook).
Edition: 2nd ed.
Notes: Includes index.
Target audience: For secondary school age.
Subjects: Law — Australia — Textbooks.
Law — Study and teaching (Secondary)
— Australia
Other authors/
contributors: Wilson, Annie.
Smithies, Graeme.
Dewey number: 340.0994
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5_61_10497_KeyCon_LegalStudies_U3&4_2E_Prelims.indd 4 20/01/17 10:40 AM
ContentS
How to use this book ix
About eBookPLUS xi
ICT activities xii
About the authors xiii
Acknowledgements xiv
Introduction to Legal Studies xvii
Unit 3 Law-making 1
Chapter 1 Parliament and the citizen 2
1.1 Introduction to our parliamentary system 4
1.2 The structure and role of the Commonwealth Parliament 6
1.3 Structure and role of the Victorian parliament 10
1.4 Principles of the Australian parliamentary system 13
1.5 The reasons laws may need to change 17
1.6 The role of the Victorian Law Reform Commission 21
1.7 Means by which individuals and groups influence legislative
change 25
1.8 Use of the media and legislative change 29
Skill drill 32
1.9 The legislative process for the progress of a Bill through
parliament 34
1.10 Strengths and weaknesses of parliament as a
law‑making body 38
Extend and apply your knowledge Law‑making by parliament 41
Review 43
Chapter 2 The Commonwealth Constitution 48
2.1 Federation and the role of the Constitution 50
2.2 Constitutional division of powers between state and
Commonwealth parliaments 53
2.3 Constitutional restrictions on parliamentary
law‑making powers 57
2.4 The process of change by referendum 59
2.5 Factors affecting the likely success of referenda 61
Extend and apply your knowledge A failed referendum:
the 1999 republic debate 64
2.6 The ways in which one successful referendum changed
the division of law‑making power 66
2.7 The role of the High Court 69
2.8 High Court cases involving the interpretation of the
Constitution 73
2.9 High Court cases involving interpretation of the
Constitution: regulating mass communication technologies 75
2.10 High Court cases involving the interpretation of the
Constitution: financial relations 77
2.11 Referral of law‑making power by the states to the
Commonwealth Parliament 79
Skill drill 81
Review 83
Chapter 3 The protection of rights under the
Commonwealth Constitution 88
3.1 An introduction to rights 90
3.2 Structural protection of rights 92
3.3 The means by which the Constitution protects rights:
express rights 95
3.4 The means by which the Constitution protects rights:
implied rights 100
Extend and apply your knowledge The implied right to
freedom of speech 105
3.5 Approaches to the protection of rights in Australia and
overseas 107
Skill drill 110
3.6 The US Constitution and structural protection of rights 112
3.7 Protection of rights through the US Bill of Rights 114
3.8 The Canadian Constitution and structural protection
of rights 118
3.9 Protection of rights through the Canadian Charter of
Rights and Freedoms 120
3.10 The South African Constitution and structural
protection of rights 125
3.11 Protection of rights through the South African Bill of Rights 127
3.12 The New Zealand Constitution and structural
protection of rights 131
3.13 Protection of rights through the New Zealand Bill of
Rights Act 133
Review 137
Chapter 4 The role of the courts as law‑makers 142
4.1 What is the common law? 144
4.2 The role of judges in the common law 149
Extend and apply your knowledge Developing law through
precedent 153
4.3 Statutory interpretation 156
4.4 Tools used to interpret legislation 160
4.5 The effect of statutory interpretation 164
4.6 Strengths and weaknesses of law‑making by courts 167
Skill drill 171
4.7 Relationship between the courts and parliament in
law‑making 173
Review 178
Unit 4 Resolution and justice 183
Chapter 5 Dispute resolution methods 184
5.1 An introduction to the jurisdiction of the courts 186
Extend and apply your knowledge Criminal cases
and civil disputes 189
5.2 Reasons for a court hierarchy 191
5.3 The Victorian court hierarchy — the Magistrates’ Court of
Victoria 194
5.4 The Victorian court hierarchy — specialist jurisdictions
within the Magistrates’ Court 197
5.5 The Victorian court hierarchy — the Victorian
County Court 200
5.6 The Victorian court hierarchy — the Supreme
Court of Victoria 203
5.7 The Victorian court hierarchy — the Supreme
Court of Appeal 206
Skill drill 208
vi Contents
5.8 The role of the Victorian Civil and Administrative
Tribunal (VCAT) 210
5.9 Dispute resolution methods used by the courts and
VCAT: mediation and conciliation 215
5.10 Dispute resolution methods used by the courts and
VCAT: arbitration and judicial determination 218
5.11 An evaluation of the way the courts and VCAT
operate to resolve disputes 220
Review 224
Chapter 6 The elements of an effective legal system 230
6.1 The adversary system of trial aims to achieve a fair and unbiased
hearing 232
6.2 The jury system and court processes and procedures aim to
achieve a fair and unbiased hearing 235
Extend and apply your knowledge Sentencing to
achieve a fair and unbiased hearing 239
6.3 Access to the courts is vital for an effective legal system 241
6.4 Tribunals like VCAT increase access to the legal system 245
6.5 An effective legal system resolves disputes in a
timely manner 249
Skill drill 252
Review 254
Chapter 7 The adversary system 260
7.1 The adversary system: role of the parties and the judge 262
7.2 The adversary system: strict rules of evidence and procedure 265
7.3 The adversary system: the need for legal representatives and
burden and standard of proof 269
7.4 The adversary system: achieving the elements of an
effective legal system 272
Extend and apply your knowledge The adversary
system of trial 274
7.5 The inquisitorial system 276
7.6 Possible reforms to the adversary system 280
Skill drill 284
Review 287
Chapter 8 Criminal procedure 292
8.1 An introduction to criminal pre‑trial procedures 294
8.2 An overview of criminal pre‑trial procedures and
their purpose 297
8.3 Criminal pre‑trial procedures: bail and remand 299
8.4 Criminal pre‑trial procedures: committal hearings 302
8.5 The general purposes of criminal sanctions 305
8.6 An overview of sanctions: imprisonment 309
Extend and apply your knowledge Youth residential
centre orders and youth justice centre orders 312
8.7 An overview of sanctions: suspended sentences 315
8.8 An overview of sanctions: community correction orders 317
Skill drill 321
Review 323
Chapter 9 Civil procedure 328
9.1 Taking civil action 330
9.2 Deciding whether or not to take civil action 332
Contents vii
9.3 Pre‑trial procedure: pleadings 336
9.4 Pre‑trial procedure: discovery and directions hearings 340
9.5 Pre‑trial procedure: A summary 343
Extend and apply your knowledge Civil proceedings 345
9.6 Civil remedies: damages and their purpose 347
9.7 Non‑financial civil remedies and their purpose 351
Skill drill 354
Review 356
Chapter 10 The jury system 364
ICT activity 366
10.1 Role of juries 368
10.2 Factors that influence the composition of juries 372
10.3 Empanelling a jury 377
10.4 Role of the judge in a jury trial 381
10.5 Strengths and weaknesses of the jury system 383
10.6 Juries and an effective legal system 385
10.7 Suggested reforms of the jury system 389
10.8 Suggested alternatives to the jury system 392
Extend and apply your knowledge Role of jurors 395
Skill drill 397
Review 399
Chapter 11 Evaluating the effectiveness of
the legal system 406
11.1 Problems with the legal system: high legal costs can limit
effectiveness 408
11.2 Problems with the legal system: disadvantaged groups
have limited access 411
11.3 Problems with the legal system: indigenous Australians
have limited access 415
Extend and apply your knowledge Problems faced by
indigenous Australians in using the legal system 418
11.4 Problems with the legal system: delays 420
11.5 Recent changes and recommendations to reduce delays 423
11.6 Recent changes and recommendations to the civil
justice system 427
11.7 Recent changes and recommendations to enhance
the criminal justice system 430
Skill drill 434
Review 436
Glossary 441
Index 449
viii Contents
How to USe tHiS book
The following examples highlight the main features of Key Concepts in VCE Legal Studies
Units 3 & 4 Second Edition. An electronic version of the textbook and a complementary set of
targeted digital resources — the eBookPLUS — are also available online at the JacarandaPLUS
website (www.jacplus.com.au).
Criminal procedure • weblinks to various legal websites as well as case
weblinks enabling the student to read more about cases
Your eBookPLUS resources include:
in this text
• eLessons featuring video clips and audio programs
• a crossword for each chapter in the book to aid revision.
about real-life cases and legal issues. Student worksheets
accompany each eLesson.
• projectsPLUS featuring a targeted ICT assessment task
on the jury system (pages 366–7)
Chapter 1
Parliament and the citizen
WhY It IS IMpOrtaNt
Parliament is the primary law-making body of the land. In a democratic
society, parliament is elected to create laws that reflect the values and
expectations of the people. It must also be able to respond effectively to
changing circumstances, both global and local, and to change laws as
the need arises. As citizens in this society, we have the ultimate power
to influence the work of parliament, and a strong understanding of its
structure and operation will improve our ability to perform this role.
What YOU WILL LearN
Use each of the points below from the Legal Studies study design as a heading in
your summary notes.
KeY KNOWLeDGe
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areas of major cities. Participants in the
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study quickly introduces students to Can you demonstrate these skills? laws that govern us.
how the law operates in practice. 2 UNIT 3 • Law-making Parliament and the citizen • CHAPTER 1 3
1.1
Introduction to our parliamentary system
KEY CONCEPT Parliament is a law-making body, or legislature. Our national Federation
parliament is called the Commonwealth Parliament or federal parliament. By the 1880s more
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South Australia. Each colony had its own governor and two houses of parliament.
encourage students to practise and
4 UNIT 3 • Law-making Parliament and the citizen • CHAPTER 1 5
apply the concepts they are studying.
hoW to Use thIs BooK ix
ExtEnd and apply your knowlEdgE:
Criminal cases and civil disputes EXTEND AND APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Criminal cases and civil disputes
Victorian courts hear and determine a range of different criminal cases and civil
disputes. Read the following two cases studies, which illustrate the difference
between criminal cases and civil disputes, and answer the questions that follow. QUESTIONS
Cfraiesne dstudy one: speeding driver kills a 123 EEDxxispptlliaaniignnu ttihhshee ddbiiefftffweerreeeennncc eea bbseeattnwwcteeieeonnn aaa ncsduri mma mirneaamlr yce adasnye.d a inndd iccitvaibl alec toioffne.nce.
4 Refer to both case studies above and complete the following table.
In June 2011, Victorian County Court Judge Michael McInerney sentenced Petros
Tjutroyf aforiu, nagde hdi m22 g, utiolt yt woof dyaenargse irmoupsr idsorinvmingen cta, uwsiinthg ad emaitnhim.um of 10 months, after a Question Case one Case two
streMert Tatnodf akriil lweda sh icsh paargsseedn igne Mr aanyd 2 f0ri0e9n da,f tMerr hGee corragseh ePde throisu c, aarg iend a 2 s0u byeuarbrsa.n A t the (a) Is the case criminal or civil?
time of the crash it was estimated that Mr Ttofari was travelling at a speed at least
3im5pD kraiilsnoogmnemeroteruensst ,dp areilrvt hihnooguu cgra hou vMseinrr gTt htdoeef asaptrhie mehdaa syli mab eimt .ealxigimibulem f opre pnaarlotyle o, fo 1r 0re yleeaasres from (b) Lthiset tchaese k iesy c wrimoridnsa lt hoar tc iivnidl.icate whether
pdrisisaopnp,o ainftteerd s werivtihn gw 1h0at m shoen tphesr.c Tehivee dd etoce baese ad ’lse nmieontht eser,n Mterns cKeo. ula Petrou, was very (c) Weahchic hc acsoeu?rt is identifi ed as determining
(d) Which party was responsible for bringing
the action to court?
(e) Who was responsible for deciding the
verdict?
(f) Who was responsible for deciding the
sanction or remedy?
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each case.
Extend and apply your knowledge
5 Referring to case study one, answer the following.
Case two: parents sue after daughter falls (a) Ssutamtem tahrey mora iinnd oicftfaebnlcee ocfofemnmceit.ted by Mr Ttofari, explaining whether it was a sections challenge and extend
to her death ((bc)) S1Suo0gm ygeeea isrnts d rieimvaipdsoruinsaosls n wamnhedyn Jgtu rodongu epM sM rh cTaItnvoeef racnraie.llye dd ifdo nr otht eim stpaotese g tohvee rmnamxeimntu tmo simenptoesnec e of understanding using real-life case
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Dispute resolution methods • CHAPTER 5 189 190 UNIT 4 • Resolution and justice
Skill drill
KEY SKIll To ACqUIRE: Case study two: mandatory sentencing
• define key legal terminology and use it appropriately for youth
• discuss, interpret and analyse legal information
•• aevpaplluya leteg tahle p erixntceipnlte tso two hreiclhev caonutr ct apsreosc easnsde sis asnude sprocedures contribute to an Ioonff f 2me0na1dn1ed rtash taoeg rVye idmc t1oin6rii maannu dmA t1 ts7oe rnwnteheyno-c Gainreegn egforuarill tyRyo ooubfn eginr tto eCfnfleatinrokdn eparrlsoly.p Uoorns edredec rkt htlheese si nlpytr rocoapduoussciantlig,o nse rious
effective legal system. iinmjuprryis odnumrinegn ta (cwtioitnhs a odfu gltr oosffse vniodleerns cien cwuorruinldg ian cfuoru ra- ymeainr imteurmm) .two-year term of
The proposal has caused significant controversy, as many believe mandatory
sentencing of young offenders is unfair and counterproductive to rehabilitation,
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or a concluding statement. Questions
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have existed, the legal system fails the victims of crime, their families and the
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While modifying the double jeopardy laws may lead to justice being achieved in a
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4 Discuss the strengths and weaknesses associated with mandatory minimum sentencing.
434 UNIT 4 • Resolution and justice Evaluating the effectiveness of the legal system • CHAPTER 11 435
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW CHAPTER 3 REVIEW
Assessment task — Outcome 2 Performance area Yes No Students using studyON VCE Legal
The following assessment task contributes to this outcome. Apply legal principles to relevant cases and issues.
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country you have chosen. •Ti pP: aarsa ag rgaepnhesr aarl er uulsee ad .new paragraph should be used for each
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Performance area Yes No Chapter summary
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•Ti pT: hthee i mmpaliined f oricguhst tthoo furgeehd ios man oswf ceorimngm tuhnei cqautieosnti oisn m. Tehnet ioesnseady. –– gthoev esrenpmareantitosn s uobf jpecotw teor sthe rule of law Chapter review sections help
should not focus on whether Australia needs a bill of rights. – representative and responsible government
(continued) – a democratic way of amending the Constitution. students complete an assessment task
The protection of rights under the Commonwealth Constitution • CHAPTER 3 137 138 UNIT 3 • Law-making
and prepare for their examination.
x hoW to Use thIs BooK
