Table Of ContentKent and Riegel's
HANDBOOK OF
INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Volume I
ELEVENTH EDITION
Edited by
James A. Kent, Ph.D.
-
Springer
James A. Kent
Professor of Chemical Engineering and Dean of Engineering
[email protected]
ISBN: 978-0-387-27842-1 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-27843-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005938809
0 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the pub-
lisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts
in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is
forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as
such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
Cover illustration: Abigail Kent
Printed on acid-free paper
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
springer.com
Kent and Riegel's
HANDBOOK OF
INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Volume I
ELEVENTH EDITION
Edited by
James A. Kent, Ph.D.
-
Springer
James A. Kent
Professor of Chemical Engineering and Dean of Engineering
[email protected]
ISBN: 978-0-387-27842-1 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-27843-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005938809
0 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the pub-
lisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts
in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is
forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as
such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
Cover illustration: Abigail Kent
Printed on acid-free paper
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
springer.com
Contents
Volume I
Chapter 1 Recent History of the Chemical Industry* 1973 to the Millenium:
The New Facts of World Chemicals Since 1973 1
Fred Afalion
Chapter 2 Economic Aspects of the Chemical Industry 63
Joseph b ! Koleske
Chapter 3 Safety Considerations in the Chemical Process Industries 83
Stanley M. Englund
Chapter 4 Managing an Emergency Preparedness Program 147
Thaddeus H. Spencer and James H! Bowman
Chapter 5 Applied Statistical Methods and the Chemical Industry 178
Stephen Vardeman and Robert Kasprzyk
Chapter 6 Green Engineering-Integration of Green Chemistry,
Pollution Prevention, and Risk-Based Considerations 210
David Shonnard, Angela Lindnel; Nhan Nguyen, Palghat A. Ramachandran,
Daniel Fichana, Robert Hesketh, C. Stewart Slatel; and Richard Engler
Chapter 7 Industrial Catalysis: A Practical Guide 271
Robert Farrauto
Chapter 8 Environmental Chemical Determinations 305
William L. Budde
Chapter 9 Nanotechnology: Fundamental Principles and Applications 328
Koodali T Ranjit and Kenneth J. Klabunde
Chapter 10 Synthetic Organic Chemicals 345
Guo-Shuh J Lee, James H. McCain, and Madan M. Bhasin
Chapter 11 Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry 404
Graham S. Poindextel; Yadagiri Pendri, Lawrence B. Snydev,
Joseph P Yevich, and Milind Deshpande
Chapter 12 Manufactured Textile Fibers 43 1
Bhupender S. Gupta
Chapter 13 Dye Application, Manufacture of Dye Intermediates and Dyes 499
Harold Freeman and Gary Mock
Chapter 14 The Chemistry of Structural Adhesives: Epoxy, Urethane,
and Acrylic Adhesives 59 1
Dennis J. Zalucha, Ph.D. and Kirk. J. Abbey, Ph.D.
Chapter 15 Synthetic Resins and Plastics 623
Rudolph D. Deanin and Joey L. Mead
Chapter 16 Rubber 689
D. l? Graves
Chapter 17 The Agrochemical Industry 719
A. M. Malti and A. 7: Lilani
Chapter 18 Petroleum and Its Products 80 1
Stephany Romanow-Garcia and H. L. Hoffman
Index I- 1
xi
xii CONTENTS
Volume I I
Chapter 19 Coal Technology for Power, Liquid Fuels, and Chemicals 843
R. D. Srivastava, H. G. Mcllvried III, , J C. Winslow, C. I? Maronde,
and R. I? Noceti
Chapter 20 Natural Gas 907
Robert N. Maddox, Mahmood Moshfeghian, James D. Idol, and
Arland H. Johannes
Chapter 21 The Nuclear Industry 935
Tom Congedo, Edward Lahoda, Regis Matzie, and Keith Task
Chapter 22 Synthetic Nitrogen Products 996
Gary R. Maxwell
Chapter 23 Phosphorus and Phosphates 1086
G. A. Gruber
Chapter 24 Fertilizers and Food Production 1111
Amit H. Roy
Chapter 25 Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid 1157
Gerard E. d 'Aquin and Robert C. Fell
Chapter 26 Salt, Chlor-Alkali, and Related Heavy Chemicals 1183
Tilak V Bommaraju
Chapter 27 Industrial Gases 1215
Steven J Cooke
Chapter 28 Wood and Wood Products 1234
Raymond A. Young
Chapter 29 Pigments, Paints, Polymer Coatings, Lacquers, and Printing Inks 1294
Rose Ryntz
Chapter 30 Industrial Biotechnology: Discovery to Delivery 1311
Gopal K. Chotani, Timothy C. Dodge, Alfred L. Gaertner; and
Michael !L Arbige
Chapter 31 Industrial Enzymes and Biocatalysis 1375
Joseph C. McAulge, Wolfgang Aehle, Gregory M. Whited, and
Donald E. Ward
Chapter 32 Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins: Cell Lines,
Cell Culture, and Purification 1421
Marie M. Zhu, Michael Mollet, and Rene S. Hubert
Chapter 33 Biomass Conversion 1499
Stephen R. Deckeq John Sheehan, David C. Dayton, Joseph J Bozell,
William S. Adney, Bonnie Hames, Steven R. Thomas, Richard L. Bain,
Stefan Czernik, Min Zhang, and Michael E. Himmel
Chapter 34 Animal and Vegetable Fats, Oils, and Waxes 1549
Edmund ni Lusas
Chapter 35 Sugar and Other Sweeteners 1657
Mary An Godshall
Chapter 36 Soap, Fatty Acids, and Synthetic Detergents 1694
Janine Chupa, Amit Sachdev, Steve Misneqand George A. Smith
Chapter 37 Chemical Explosives and Rocket Propellants 1742
Walter Sudweeks, Felix F Chen, and Michael McPherson
Index I- 1
Contents
Volume I
Chapter 1 Recent History of the Chemical Industry* 1973 to the Millenium:
The New Facts of World Chemicals Since 1973 1
Fred Afalion
Chapter 2 Economic Aspects of the Chemical Industry 63
Joseph b ! Koleske
Chapter 3 Safety Considerations in the Chemical Process Industries 83
Stanley M. Englund
Chapter 4 Managing an Emergency Preparedness Program 147
Thaddeus H. Spencer and James H! Bowman
Chapter 5 Applied Statistical Methods and the Chemical Industry 178
Stephen Vardeman and Robert Kasprzyk
Chapter 6 Green Engineering-Integration of Green Chemistry,
Pollution Prevention, and Risk-Based Considerations 210
David Shonnard, Angela Lindnel; Nhan Nguyen, Palghat A. Ramachandran,
Daniel Fichana, Robert Hesketh, C. Stewart Slatel; and Richard Engler
Chapter 7 Industrial Catalysis: A Practical Guide 271
Robert Farrauto
Chapter 8 Environmental Chemical Determinations 305
William L. Budde
Chapter 9 Nanotechnology: Fundamental Principles and Applications 328
Koodali T Ranjit and Kenneth J. Klabunde
Chapter 10 Synthetic Organic Chemicals 345
Guo-Shuh J Lee, James H. McCain, and Madan M. Bhasin
Chapter 11 Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry 404
Graham S. Poindextel; Yadagiri Pendri, Lawrence B. Snydev,
Joseph P Yevich, and Milind Deshpande
Chapter 12 Manufactured Textile Fibers 43 1
Bhupender S. Gupta
Chapter 13 Dye Application, Manufacture of Dye Intermediates and Dyes 499
Harold Freeman and Gary Mock
Chapter 14 The Chemistry of Structural Adhesives: Epoxy, Urethane,
and Acrylic Adhesives 59 1
Dennis J. Zalucha, Ph.D. and Kirk. J. Abbey, Ph.D.
Chapter 15 Synthetic Resins and Plastics 623
Rudolph D. Deanin and Joey L. Mead
Chapter 16 Rubber 689
D. l? Graves
Chapter 17 The Agrochemical Industry 719
A. M. Malti and A. 7: Lilani
Chapter 18 Petroleum and Its Products 80 1
Stephany Romanow-Garcia and H. L. Hoffman
Index I- 1
xi
xii CONTENTS
Volume I I
Chapter 19 Coal Technology for Power, Liquid Fuels, and Chemicals 843
R. D. Srivastava, H. G. Mcllvried III, , J C. Winslow, C. I? Maronde,
and R. I? Noceti
Chapter 20 Natural Gas 907
Robert N. Maddox, Mahmood Moshfeghian, James D. Idol, and
Arland H. Johannes
Chapter 21 The Nuclear Industry 935
Tom Congedo, Edward Lahoda, Regis Matzie, and Keith Task
Chapter 22 Synthetic Nitrogen Products 996
Gary R. Maxwell
Chapter 23 Phosphorus and Phosphates 1086
G. A. Gruber
Chapter 24 Fertilizers and Food Production 1111
Amit H. Roy
Chapter 25 Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid 1157
Gerard E. d 'Aquin and Robert C. Fell
Chapter 26 Salt, Chlor-Alkali, and Related Heavy Chemicals 1183
Tilak V Bommaraju
Chapter 27 Industrial Gases 1215
Steven J Cooke
Chapter 28 Wood and Wood Products 1234
Raymond A. Young
Chapter 29 Pigments, Paints, Polymer Coatings, Lacquers, and Printing Inks 1294
Rose Ryntz
Chapter 30 Industrial Biotechnology: Discovery to Delivery 1311
Gopal K. Chotani, Timothy C. Dodge, Alfred L. Gaertner; and
Michael !L Arbige
Chapter 31 Industrial Enzymes and Biocatalysis 1375
Joseph C. McAulge, Wolfgang Aehle, Gregory M. Whited, and
Donald E. Ward
Chapter 32 Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins: Cell Lines,
Cell Culture, and Purification 1421
Marie M. Zhu, Michael Mollet, and Rene S. Hubert
Chapter 33 Biomass Conversion 1499
Stephen R. Deckeq John Sheehan, David C. Dayton, Joseph J Bozell,
William S. Adney, Bonnie Hames, Steven R. Thomas, Richard L. Bain,
Stefan Czernik, Min Zhang, and Michael E. Himmel
Chapter 34 Animal and Vegetable Fats, Oils, and Waxes 1549
Edmund ni Lusas
Chapter 35 Sugar and Other Sweeteners 1657
Mary An Godshall
Chapter 36 Soap, Fatty Acids, and Synthetic Detergents 1694
Janine Chupa, Amit Sachdev, Steve Misneqand George A. Smith
Chapter 37 Chemical Explosives and Rocket Propellants 1742
Walter Sudweeks, Felix F Chen, and Michael McPherson
Index I- 1
Recent History of the Chemical
Industry* 1973 to the Millenium:
The New Facts of World Chemicals
Since 1973
Fred Aftalion
I. OVERCAPACITIES AND THE SEARCH plied in Europe as well as in the United States
FOR REMEDIES and Japan.
The first oil shock that occurred at the end of Two other factors contributed to this rapid
1973 with the Yom Kippur war served to pin- growth. The use of oil as a substitute for coal
point the crisis which world chemicals were provided the chemical industry with abun-
already undergoing. dant, cheap raw material that was easy to
The chemical industry's soaring develop- transport. With interest rates lagging behind
ment after the war was due to the extraordi- the rate of monetary erosion over a number of
nary burst of innovations occurring between years, industry leaders were tempted to carry
1935 and 1955 and coinciding with an explo- out investments that they would not have
sion of world demand in a variety of sectors made had currencies remained stable and
served by chemicals. Production units multi- interest rates higher. The fear of these leaders
that competition would get the better of them
if they slowed down their investments, the
*This chapter consists of two chapters taken from a race for market shares advocated by a number
book by Dr. Fred Aftalion. A History ofthe lnternational of consultant firms like the Boston Consulting
Chemical Industry, Second Edition, translation by Otto
Group, the belief-uite widespread among
Theodor Benfy, Copyright 0 the Chemical Heritage
Foundation, Philadelphia, PA (2001). This material is world chemicals leaders-that they had to
reprinted by permission of the copyright owner and keep building new units to keep up with fore-
Fred Aftalion. All rights reserved. The book traces the
cast needs, all had a share in building up pro-
development of the Industry from its earliest days,
describing the activities of the pioneers of chemical duction overcapacities which were already
science and the entrepreneurs who built on their work becoming apparent before 1973 in certain sec-
to create the chemical industry as we know it. Space
tors of heavy chemicals (petrochemicals, syn-
limitations permit the inclusion of only Chapter 6.
"World Chemicals Since 1973," and Chapter 7, "The thetic fibers, thermoplastics, and fertilizers).
Period of the 1990s." Noteworthy changes that have The establishment of an OPEC cartel that
occurred in the industry since 2000 are mentioned in
led to a rise in the price of a barrel of crude oil
the following chapter, "Economic Aspects of the
Chemical Industry." from $3 to $12, then the 1979 Iranian
1
2 KENTAND RIEGEL‘S HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Revolution which made it soar to $40, and the extent that all the companies involved in
finally the publication of the gloomy forecasts that area in industrialized countries were long
of the Club of Rome experts which mistak- established and that no discovery likely to
enly saw oil shortages ahead when, in fact, affect its development had been made over the
these had been artificially engineered by the last two decades. While new areas of research
Cartel members-all these facts upset chemi- like composite materials and biotechnologies
cal leaders in industrialized countries. And yet had emerged, no immediate fallout was
some of them still continued to invest in new expected for a number of years. Thus failing
plants during the stock-building lulls that any rapid internal growth brought about by
occurred in 1974 and 1979 through con- major scientific breakthrough, the strategy
sumers’ speculating on new price rises. of leaders anxious to refocus or diversify
This only made the necessary adjustments their portfolio of activities very often con-
much harder when they had to be carried out at sisted of a kind of Monopoly game, as a
the beginning of the 1980s. Companies were to range of production was shifted from one
suffer greatly from an error of judgment, build- enterprise to another without anything new
ing new plants at great expense at the same time being created.
that economic growth rates tumbled from over
10 percent to a mere 2 to 3 percent. Caught
THE RESTRUCTURING OF
between the increasing cost of their hydrocar-
SECTORS IN DISTRESS
bon raw materials and the ever-lower prices
they had to use to sell their products in markets Priority action was required in petrochemi-
where offer exceeded demand, leading chemi- cals, in the large thermoplastics, in fertilizers,
cal companies in industrialized countries were and in synthetic fibers where the most serious
forced to go through agonizing reappraisals. investment mistakes had been made. The
This led them to act in a number of differ- hardest cases were those of petrochemicals
ent directions. First and foremost, they had to and thermoplastics. For one thing, a steam
lower their operating costs by cutting down on cracker cannot technically operate under 60
excess personnel and taking the measures percent of its capacity. For another, the prod-
needed to increase the productivity of each ucts that emerge are linked to one another in
company. At the same time, they had to almost invariable proportions. Finally, a poly-
reduce, in a concerted way if possible, the merization unit cannot have its pace slowed
overcapacities affecting the hardest-hit sec- down without this affecting the upstream
tors. Finally, it seemed advisable to redirect monomer unit to the same extent.
production into areas that were less sensitive In addition to such rigidities, there was the
to economic change. This meant increasing need to reduce not only the quantities pro-
the share of specialties in relation to com- duced but also the number of production
modities in overall turnover. units. The problem then arose of sharing the
A new generation of leaders was called sacrifices among the different producers
upon to carry out the socially painful and within an economic area.
politically delicate job of rationalizing and The problem was most easily solved in
restructuring the chemical industry through Japan because of the discipline which MITI
layoffs and plant closures. These same leaders managed to establish within the country’s
were also given the more exalting, but just as petrochemical industry. Making the most of a
difficult, task of defining the redeployment new law that allowed competing producers to
strategy that needed to be followed and of act in concert, a cartel was set up with the
determining on a case-by-case basis the sec- object of cutting down ethylene production.
tors that should be abandoned and those that, Four groups of petrochemical producers were
on the contrary, had to be invested in force. formed within which the necessary arbitra-
By 1973, it was obvious that the chemical tions took place. This led Sumitomo to close
industry had reached a degree of maturity to its Niihama units, Mitsubishi a number of its
