Table Of ContentKanTth'eso orfKy n owledge
AnI ntrodtuotc htCeir ointo ifPq uurReee ason
JustHuasr tnack
Translbayt ed
M.1- lolHranretss horne
IJ ackPeutbtlg iC sohmipnya,In nc.
In dianaprnoblriisd/gCea
Engftorha nscloaptyir1oi:lng• h'9bt 6vH 7 a rcoBurra&tc 'v\.eo rlIdn ,c .
Firpsutb liisnDh ee1d1 muanrdtkeh rte i KtalneFi :sr kend elsestenri
Repri2n0t0be1vld l acPku<"bllti CsohmipnagIn ny c,.
Thsee letchtaaiptop ne ianir hfse o noottoenp ag7e4s- i7rs5e prbiynp teerdm ios fsion
thpeu blifsrhoRemor b PearutWl o lKfafn,Tt h'.e�oo fryrv te111\tcat(liC vaimtbyr idge,
MasHsa.r:v Uanridv cPrrseicstosvp) y,r 1i9g6bh3ytt, ,h P er esiadnFede1 l1ltoo fws
HarvCaorldl Tehgsee e.l etchtaaiptop nei antr hsfe o noott0e1p 1a g1e1s3 -i1 s14
reprbiynp teerdm iosfts hipeol nl blfirsoGhmae brr RiaeblKeeal r,(1 Otx ford: The
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Alrli Igrshe served
Prinitnte hUden itSetdao tfAe mse r ica
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Kanlth'esoo frk nvo wl:ea dnmg ter odlllotc hlCeir ointo ifPq uureRe e as/o n
JusHtautrsn a;ct rka ametlcbly1 \H1om.le sH arts. horne
p.c m.
Origipnuabllliy'\;s chwYe odr:k • lBlraar&cc Weoo urrl1td9,,6 7.
In,s;Jubci!berlsai pohgriecfaelr ences.
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Pri1M1atteedrA iNaSZlI,9s 4,8 -1 984
Contents
3
l I)N TRODUCTION
2 THE TRANSCENDENTAALE STHETIC 17
3) T HE TRANSCENDENTAL ANALYTIC 31
ThMee taphDyesdicuaclt ion
31
TheT ransceDneddeuncttailo n
46
TheS chetmiasm
59
TheS ystoefAm l l ProifPn ucriUepn ldeesr sta6n8d ing
68
AXIOMSO F INTUITION
ANTI CI PA TI ONSO F PERCEPTION 72
THE ANALOGIESO F EXPERIENCE 74
THE FIRSTA NALOGY 75
THE SECONDA NA LOG Y 77
T H E T H NIA L RO G D Y A7 9
THE POSTULATESO F EMPIRICAL
83
THOUGHT
83
THE FIRSTP OSTULATE
THE SECONDP OSTULATE 85
86
THE T H I R D LAPT OE S T U
KANT' SR EU FTA TI O N O F I D E8 7A L I S M
PhenomaennNdoa u men89a
TheA mphiobfoC loyn ceopfRt esfl ect9i1on
4 ) 97
THE TRANS C EN DE N TA L D AIL ECT IC
TheT ransceInldleunstiaoln
97
TheP araloofg PiusrRmees a son
103
THE FIRSTP ARA LOG IS M 104
THE SECONDP ARA LOG IS M 106
THE THIRDP ARALOGISM 107
THE FOURTH PARALOGISM 108
TheA ntinoomfPi uerRsee ason
112
THE FIRSATN TINOMY 113
THE SECONDA NTINOMY 116
THE THIRDA NTINOMY 117
THE FOURTH ANTINOMY1 18
THE SOLUTIONO F THE FIRST
ANTINOMY 123
THE SOLUTIONO F THE SECOND
ANTINOMY 124
THE SOLUTIONO F THE THIRD
ANTINOMY 125
THE SOLUTIONO F THE FOURTH
A NI TNO M Y 129
TheI deoafPl u rRee ason
130
THE CONCEPTO F GOD 130
THE ONTOLOGICALP ROOF OF GOD 133
THE COSMOLOGICALP ROOF 136
THE PHYSICOTHEOLOGICAPLR OOF 137
ThRe egulUastofei tvheIe d eas
139
5) C ONCLUSION 142
KAN T'S THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE
Introduction
1
Kanitos n oeft hger eaptheislto smoapnhkheiarnpssdr oduced.
Heo ccutphiseea sm dei stinpgluaiicsnteh h ehedi stoofr y
modeprhni lotshoaPptlh ayat noAd r isotcoctuilpneGy r eek
philoAsnodpj huyas.sta s tuodfyG r epehki lomsuospth y
neceshsaaviretci sel nyit naes rt uodfty h weo rokfPs l aatnod
Aristsooat nlsyet ,uo dfty h hei stoofmr oyd eprhni losophy
mushta vietc se nitnea sr t uodfKy a nAtn.i nvestoifg ation
LeibonrHi uzm iefis r ssetit nr igphetr spieifcit tcs io vmep le
mentbeyad s tuodfKy a nAtn.dn oo naec quawiintpthoe sdt
Kantipahni locsaodnpe hntyyh sei gnitfihcaaatnnu c ned er
stagn diKonafn hta fso arn u nderstoafmn udciohnft g h is
:1 philosophy.
y
f The signiofifcK aanncpteh' isl oissto opb hefy o upnrdi -
mariinlh yit sh eoofrk yn owlaet dhgeeto,hr ayit ss efto rth
inh ivso lumwionroTkuh,seC ritoifPq uureRe e asThoins.
4 )K ANT'ST HEORYO F KNOWLEDGE
worwkh,o fisrees dti tsiaotwnh l ei gohfdt a iyn 1 78a1n d
whosseec oenddi taipopne a(r"ehaden rtdeh eirmep ro1v ed,"
tou sKea notw'wnso rdisn1) 7 8i7ns,o o tn lvyo lumainndo us
momentiotiu sis na; d dietxitorna orddiiffincIautrldsiti l.fy
ficuildstu yne o otn ltyot hfea tchtta tht eh ouegxhptrse ssed
inia tr dei fficbuulattl saonn,do lte atsott h,fe a tchtKa atn t,
afttewre yleveao rfis n tetnhsoiuvagebh ottu htpe r oblems,
waesa gteogr e tth edmo wqnu icAkclcyo.rt dohi inosgw n
statehmete onobtku fto utrofi vmeo ntthows r iotuett h e
firesdti t8i5op6na 'g2s eN sow. ondtehrat thre e adoiftn hgi s
boosko,c entirmaplolryit nta hnheti stoofpr hyi losophy,
hagsi vreitnso pe e rplaenxmdia tdcieoe msm ennteacreisessa ry.
ImmanKuaenwlta bso rinnK onigisn1b 7e2rt4gh,s e o onf
as admdalkeHe erw .a ass tudeKnotn iignhs ebt earugag,nhd t
waUsn ivePrrsoifteiynsK soonri gsabniednr g,1 8d0i4e dh e
iKno nigsbehriggsr. e waWothro ekntn h teh eoofkr nyo wledge
wapsu blihsewh aefidsf, t y-yseeaovrles\dn V. i tthhwi osr k
al onpgh ilosdoepvheilcoacplam metenoc t o mpleIttii so n.
justitfiosa pbehlaeekor fead evelofpoKmrae nnhttaw ,do rked
fomra nyye awristt hhp er obloefTm hseC ritoifqP uuer e
Reasoann,td h seo luhtebi eoln iheevh eafddo uwnadns o t
idenwtiittchha atlto w hihcehh acdo miene arwlriietri ngs.
Butth teh ouignTh htCesr itoifPq uureRe e asoanrd ee finitive
foKra npto'ssi tthieoaynrs ;eu bseqnueeintrthelenyro unced
nomro dibfiyeh di bmu cto nsttihbteau stoienws h iaclhhl i s
laptheirl oisso pbhuyi lt.
1 Thiissf ouonndt htei tplaeg" eZ:w ebiitunen dw iedveerrb esserte
Auflage."
•I na l etttoMe ors Meesn del(sosAfou hgnu1 s6t, 1K7a8nw3tr) i tes:
"Ih atdo b ritnogg etthhreee rs oufml ytt hinokfia ntlg e atswte lve
yeawrist fhrionfm o utrofi vmeo ntahnssd o t os pedaoik tw ithao ut
stoApd.m ititwtead dslo ynw,ei tghr eaattetsetpn atitidoot nhc eo ntent
buwti tlhi tltalboeont r h set yalnoedft heea soiftn hgre e adienrs'isg ht."
'$ ) INTRODUCTION
InT hCer itoifPq uurReee asKoanna tt teammpotonstg,h er
thin,tg ose stabboltithsh hve a liodfki ntoyw laendtdgh ee
impossibiolfmi ettya phHyisasit ctset.moe p stt atbhlveia sh
lityd oifk nowliesod rgiee anttt ehodeu ttsoewta Dradv id
Huemw,h ofsoer omfe mpirliecwdii stlmho gnieccaelts os ity
skpetiiscKma.n t's vgieeonwfte hrteah le oofrk yn owledge,
withwh icthhf eo llopwaigdneegsa i lsa, na ttetmoop vte r
comHeu mes'kse ptIiitcas itt s hmse.a mtei mape o sitthiaotn
ipmlitheeis n valoifad lmilet tya phfyosirite c xsc,lt uhdee s
possiboifkl niotwylw eidtghseoe unetsx ep erience.
Thef oromfe mpireimcbirsabmcy He udm ew,h ilcehat dos
thei nvaolfik dniotwyl edfgoero-mfet mhpei rtihcKaiatsn mt
opposedb--ceea xnp laafsio nleldo ws:
Whewne o bsearnvyet hwiedn ogs ,ob ym eaonfss ense
orgaEnvseo.rn yoe f o usre nosreg parnosv uisdw,eh set nh ey
arien flueenxcteedrn wailtlshye ,ni smep resOsnit ohniss.
poinKta natnH du mwee riena greeBmuehtne ttr.he e aigrr ee
menetn dAsc.c ortdoHi unmgoe b sercvoantsiiionrsn et cse iv
insge nismep reasnsndio otnhsmi onrgFe o.Kr a notb servation
isso metohtihtnehgra a nn mdo rteh amne retlhryee ception
osfe sniem pressions.
Leutss upptohsaIet m a lookaitan g ga moefb illIi ards.
seoen bei llbiaarlroltdl o lw aarnhddi t a bsielclboianaldrl d,
whitchhe reaasaf c toenrs,e qoufte hniecm ep aictrt e ceives,
also tbore ogTlihlnii.ssas r epoofwr hta Ist e Aen.dy eitis t
reatlhlaLyte ?ut s t akase e coenxda mIpl loeoo.ku o tft he
windaonwwd,h adto I s eeIs? e ae l andsTchaewp oer.d
'landhsocwaepvece,or'v, he errsae m ultiotftu hdien Igts .
muscte rtbaepi onslsyti oab swlkhe a stoo rflt a ndsiictsaL .pe et
uss atyh aIst e ger efieen� adv si,l alnasdgo em weh ihtoeu ses
wihtt hatrcohoeafdns td,r eBeuswt.h aItc aslele iant gr iese
senegai t rufnokl,il aegaebv,re asn,ca hntedws i,ag nswd;h aIt
6 )
KANT'ST HEORY OF KNOWLEDGE
caslele aih nogu iss(ei nt hciass see)e aiw nhgi wtaels lo,m e
rectanpagnuoelfgsa l ra cshsi,m naenymdsu ,c ehl sAen.di fI
furtdheesrcw rhiaIbts e e weh eIns atyh aIst e teh etshei ngs
desctrhiawbthe i icmhm edieaxtiaesslst yes n ismep reis.sei.o,n ,
desctrhiaabtne od n ltyh awth iecxhi fsotmrsy s enses-then
thdee scrwiipbltelis oonli entl hyfe o romfc olaonrfids res.
gu
A further Iee axatano m rpalneAg.nee x.a ct description of
altlh aIst e nisnse u cash i tuiantciloaunc d eerstp aeirnc eption
oft emperianmt yufi rneg earsts h ehyo ltdh oer anagnead,
certpaeirnc eopftt eimopne rcaatuusbreyted h p ei eocfoe r ange
thaIht a vpeui tnm ym outIhna. d ditthieoirntse h p ea rticular
perceopfst oilointd hiaItht ya vienh oldtihnoegr anThgeer.e
exiasltsd oi fferceonltot rassi,tm ep resasnidso mneslA,ll sl.
thedsieff eirmepnrte csosnisotntsih tseue tnseco ornyti entn hte
givseint uaTthieaoyrn we.h aste nsatiouns w iptrho.v ides
Ifo nneo ws uppoassde isHd,u met,h awtem usrte strict
oursetlowv heasste nsaptrioovnui sdw eistt hoh, o ltdot hat
whiicgshi viensn e nsatthiewonena ,rl ee jdu,as stH umwea s
ledt,od entyh vea liodfim tuyct hh awtea ctucaalnlnyo t
avoaisds umifnagtc-htaa H tu mwea tsh fier tsote mphasize.
Lemte o nmleyn ttiwosonu cthh ings.
We satyh awtes eseo metohrio ntgh feorer,x ampalne ,
oranbguewt,e s aayl tshoaw tes eteh tihsi nqgu'asl iIst eiees.
thoer anagnedI,s eael stoh aitti so ranignce o lIos re.e
thatth oer anhgaecs e rtparionp eWret diiesst.i nagnudi sh,
wet hitnhkaw ten ecessarily musta t dhiisntgi nguish, between
anidt psr opeBrutwtih eassth. aw leul n derbsytt ahnwadth ich
wec atlhl'e t hiInfog n'ie?s a ne mpiroiftc hiHesu tm ean
varitehteoynn, ie sn oetn tittloue ndd erbstyia tan ndy thing
othtehra wnh aste nismep resesnitoiontnslte eo a ;n ds ense
impresasrvieao rnisco oulsot rass,t e imspmreelesltssci,.o ns,
i.teh.a,at n,od n ltyh awth,i icsih n cluunddetedhr ce o ncept
