Kala Azar in South Asia: Current Status and Challenges Ahead

161 Pages·2011·3.15 MB·English

by  Moazzem Hossain

Kala Azar in South Asia

·
T.K. Jha E. Noiri
Editors
Kala Azar in South Asia
Current Status and Challenges Ahead
1 3
Editors
Dr.T.K.Jha,MRCP,DTM E.Noiri,MD,PhD
KalazarResearchCenter TheUniversityofTokyo
Brahmpura 107.LabNephrology&Endocrinology
842003Muzaffarpur UniversityHospital
India 7-3-1Hongo
[email protected] Bunkyo
Tokyo
Japan113-8655
[email protected]
ISBN978-94-007-0276-9 e-ISBN978-94-007-0277-6
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-0277-6
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2011
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby
anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwritten
permissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurpose
ofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Preface
Oneofthemostimportantchallengesforthirdworldcountriesistoeducateandsup-
porttheirinhabitantstomaintainanindependentandcomfortablelifestyle.Difficult
enoughwhenthereisnohealthproblem,butlife-threateninginfectiousdiseasesare
moreprevalent inthetropicalzonethaninmoretemperateclimates.Compared to
othertropicalinfectiousdiseases,patientswithVisceralLeishmaniasis(VL)won’t
visittheclinicuntilthediseasedevelopedforlongerperiodsandthereforetheyare
oftenintheadvancedstagesofthedisease:thesymptomsdonotappearearlyand
thediseaseprocessissubacuteanddoesnotgreatlyaffectthephysicalwellbeing.
The diagnosis of VL used to be extremely difficult for physicians, requiring a
bonemarrowbiopsy,buttherecentimprovementsmadethediagnosismucheasier
and faster. When treating patients, the adherence to medication is always an issue
formedicalpractice,eventhewesterncountriesbutespeciallysointhedeveloping
world.Tocopewiththisandotherissues,therapeuticpatternshavetobedeveloped
andevaluatedspecificallyfortheendemicareas.
During the next several years, the clinical approach to VL and to post kala-
azar dermal Leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent and South-Asia will need
to change. Standing at a turning point in VL medicine, we had the opportunity to
organize the expert conference entitled “Consultative Meeting on Elimination of
Kala-AzarfromSouthAsia”inthelatesummerof2009inNewDelhi,Indiaunder
thesupportofJapaneseScienceTechnologyAgency.Itismygreatpleasuretoshare
withyouthelatestknowledgeinVisceralLeishmaniasis!
Tokyo,Japan EiseiNOIRI,MD,PhD
v

Contents
PartI IntroductionintoKala-Azar
1 GeographicalDistributionofKala-AzarinSouthAsia . . . . . . 3
MoazzemHossainandKaziM.Jamil
2 Pathology and Mechanism of Disease in Kala-Azar
andPost-kala-azarDermalLeishmaniasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
MoazzemHossainandKaziM.Jamil
3 DiagnosisandTreatmentofKala-AzarandPost-kala-azar
DermalLeishmaniasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
KaziM.JamilandMoazzemHossain
PartII Therapeutic Strategy to Deal with Emergence
ofDrugResistance
4 Epidemiology of Drug-Resistant Kala-Azar in India
andNeighboringCountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
T.K.Jha
5 A Therapeutic Strategy for Treating Visceral
LeishmaniasisinRegionswithDrugResistance . . . . . . . . . . 35
ShyamSundarandDiptiAgarwal
6 CombinationTherapyforLeishmaniases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
FarrokhModabber
PartIII Diagnostic Strategy Enhancing Kala-Azar
EliminationProgram
7 ChallengesintheDiagnosisofVisceralLeishmaniasis
ontheIndianSubcontinent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
SumanRijal,FrancoisChappuis,andMarleenBoelaert
vii
viii Contents
8 ThePotentialofUrinaryTestsintheManagementofKala-Azar . 69
EiseiNoiri,YoshifumiHamasaki,KousukeNegishi,
TakeshiSugaya,KentDoi,ToshiroFujita,YukihisaOsada,
YoshitsuguMatsumoto,andKaziM.Jamil
9 Mass-SurveyUsingUrineandConfirmationbyLAMP
forControlofVisceralLeishmaniasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
MakotoItohandHidekazuTakagi
PartIV PKDLandItsImplicationsinEliminatingKala-Azar
10 PolymorphismofLeishmaniasisCausedbyLeishmania
donovaniSensuLatoinAsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
YoshitsuguMatsumoto,ChizuSanjoba,MasahitoAsada,
YasutakaOsada,andYasunobuMatsumoto
11 Post-kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis: Facing
theChallengeofEliminatingKala-AzarfromSouthAsia . . . . . 111
PhilippeDesjeuxandV.Ramesh
PartV NewChallengesConfrontingKalaAzarElimination
ProgrammeandTheirPossibleSolutions
12 ClimateChangeandKala-Azar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
MoazzemHossain,EiseiNoiri,andKazuhikoMoji
13 The Role of Policy Makers in Achieving the Target
forKala-AzarEliminationinSouthAsia:TheBangladesh
Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
KaziM.Jamil
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Contributors
DiptiAgarwalDepartmentofPediatricMedicine,SNMedicalCollege,Agra,
India
MasahitoAsadaDepartmentofMolecularImmunologyandParasitology,
GraduateSchoolofAgriculturalandLifeSciences,UniversityofTokyo,Tokyo
113-8657,Japan,[email protected]
MarleenBoelaertEpidemiologyandDiseaseControlUnit,DepartmentofPublic
Health,InstituteofTropicalMedicine,Nationalestraat155,2000 Antwerp,
Belgium,[email protected]
FrancoisChappuisDivisionofInternationalandHumanitarianMedicine,Geneva
UniversityHospitals,6,rueGabrielle-Perret-Gentil,1211 Geneva14,Switzerland,
[email protected]
PhilippeDesjeuxInstituteforOneWorldHealth,SanFrancisco,CA,USA,
[email protected]
KentDoiDepartmentofHemodialysisandApheresis,DepartmentofNephrology
andEndocrinology,UniversityHospital,TheUniversityofTokyo,Bunkyo,
Tokyo113-8655,Japan
ToshiroFujitaDepartmentofHemodialysisandApheresis,Department
ofNephrologyandEndocrinology,UniversityHospital,TheUniversityofTokyo,
Bunkyo,Tokyo113-8655,Japan
YoshifumiHamasakiDepartmentofHemodialysisandApheresis,Department
ofNephrologyandEndocrinology,UniversityHospital,TheUniversityofTokyo,
Bunkyo,Tokyo113-8655,Japan
MoazzemHossainDirectorofDiseaseControl,LineDirectorforCommunicable
DiseasesControl,DirectorateGeneralofHealthServices,MinistryofHealthand
FamilyWelfare,GovernmentofBangladesh,Dhaka,Bangladesh,
[email protected]
MakotoItohDepartmentofParasitology,AichiMedicalUniversitySchool
ofMedicine,Nagakute,Aichi480-1195,Japan,[email protected]
ix