Juvenile Justice : Theory and Practice

368 Pages·2010·1.955 MB·English

by  Roberson, Cliff

JUVENILE
JUSTICE
Theory and Practice

JUVENILE
JUSTICE
Theory and Practice
Cliff Roberson
Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
list of figures.................................................................................xv
acronyms used in the juvenile justice system...............................xix
preface .........................................................................................xxi
1 an overview of juvenile justice ................................................1
introduction ...........................................................................1
juvenile justice defined ...........................................................3
Types of Juvenile Delinquency Cases ................................4
juvenile court authority ..........................................................5
measuring delinquency ..........................................................6
Arrest Statistics ................................................................7
An Overview of Juvenile Crime .........................................7
Overview of Juvenile Arrests in 2008 ................................8
serious violent crimes by juveniles ..........................................9
Time of Day ....................................................................12
nonviolent crimes .................................................................12
Curfews ..........................................................................12
Runaways and Truants ...................................................13
Vandalism ......................................................................13
Juveniles and Drugs .......................................................14
juvenile justice organizations ................................................14
judicial waiver ......................................................................15
Judicial Waiver Offenses .................................................15
Statutory Exclusion ........................................................16
Concurrent Jurisdiction ..................................................16
Breed v. Jones .................................................................16
Transfer Statutes ............................................................17
v
vi Contents
questions in review ...............................................................18
endnotes ...............................................................................19
2 development of juvenile courts ..............................................21
introduction .........................................................................21
childhood .............................................................................22
parens patriae ......................................................................23
early laws .............................................................................24
Code of Hammurabi ........................................................24
Early English Law ...........................................................25
Juvenile Criminal Cases Prior to the 1890s ....................26
development of juvenile courts in the United States ..............27
Reform Schools and Houses of Refuge .............................28
The 1960s and Social Disorders ......................................33
juvenile justice and the Supreme Court ................................34
punish or reform ..................................................................35
Excerpts from State v. Dubray, Supreme Court of
Kansas, 1926 ..................................................................39
questions in review ...............................................................45
endnotes ...............................................................................45
3 delinquency causation theories .............................................47
basic assumptions of delinquent behavior .............................47
explaining juvenile delinquency ............................................48
classical school .....................................................................50
positivist school ....................................................................52
social theories ......................................................................53
David Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) ................................54
Structural Approaches ....................................................54
Strain Theories ...............................................................55
social control theories...........................................................56
Drift ...............................................................................57
Neutralization .................................................................59
Containment ...................................................................59
cultural deviance theories ....................................................60
subcultural ..........................................................................60
social disorganization theories .............................................61
symbolic interactionist theories ............................................61
Differential Association ...................................................61
Differential association propositions ..........................62
Labeling ..........................................................................63
Contents vii
biological theories .................................................................63
psychological theories ...........................................................64
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) ...........................................64
Psychoanalytic and Personality Theories ........................65
Sociopathy ......................................................................65
Thinking Pattern Theories ..............................................65
Dysfunctional Families ...................................................66
schools .................................................................................67
male delinquency..................................................................67
questions in review ...............................................................68
endnotes ...............................................................................68
4 abused and neglected children .............................................71
introduction .........................................................................71
types of abuse ......................................................................72
Physical Abuse ................................................................72
Sexual Abuse ..................................................................72
Emotional Abuse .............................................................73
Neglect ............................................................................73
Parental Substance Abuse ..............................................73
Abandonment .................................................................74
nature of the problems .........................................................74
family influences ..................................................................75
Relationship between Child Abuse and Delinquency .......76
Homelessness .................................................................77
neglected children ................................................................78
child abuse ...........................................................................78
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome ..................................................79
Emotional Abuse .............................................................79
Battered Child Syndrome ................................................79
Sexual Abuse ..................................................................80
Checklist for Handling Child Sexual Abuse Claims .........81
Intergenerational Transmission of Violence Theory..........82
Texas Penal Code 22.041: Abandoning or
Endangering Child ..........................................................82
missing children ...................................................................83
child protective services .......................................................85
Child Abuse Reporting ....................................................86
California Penal Code 11166 ...........................................87
Protective Actions ...........................................................88
Child Witnesses ..............................................................89
viii Contents
Child Abuse Protection Programs ....................................92
California Penal Code 868.8: Child Witnesses in
Criminal Proceedings Involving Certain Crimes ........92
California Penal Code 999r: Child Abuser
Prosecution Program .................................................93
California Penal Code 999s: Enhanced
Prosecution Efforts and Resources ............................93
California Criminal Code 999u: Policies for Child
Abuser Cases ..................................................................94
questions in review ...............................................................95
endnotes ...............................................................................95
5 law enforcement and juveniles ..............................................99
introduction .........................................................................99
historical overview ..............................................................100
structure of agencies ..........................................................101
Agencies with Juvenile Units ........................................102
Gangs ...........................................................................103
Agencies without Juvenile Units ....................................103
consequences of arrest .......................................................104
disposition of youths ...........................................................106
juveniles’ attitudes toward law enforcement ........................107
community policing ............................................................108
curfews ..............................................................................109
Excerpts from Ramos v. Town of Vernon, 353 F.3d 171,
172 (2d Cir. Conn. 2003) ...............................................109
Excerpts from State v. Doe (In re Doe), 2009 Ida. App.
LEXIS 36, 2-3 (Idaho Ct. App. Mar. 31, 2009) ................110
Excerpts from appellate court’s decision ..................111
Excerpts from Anonymous v. City of Rochester, 2009
NY Slip Op 4697, 2-3 (N.Y. 2009) ...................................112
questions in review .............................................................115
endnotes .............................................................................116
6 courts in the juvenile justice system ...................................117
introduction .......................................................................117
philosophy ..........................................................................117
organizational structures of juvenile courts ........................121
jurisdiction .........................................................................122
jurisdictional responsibilities of juvenile courts ..................123
Contents ix
Direct Filing of Juveniles to Criminal Court ..................123
Excerpts from Whitaker v. Estelle ..................................124
Excerpts from State v. Casanova ...................................125
Jurisdiction in Dependency Cases ................................125
structure ............................................................................128
actors in juvenile court .......................................................129
Judge ............................................................................129
Referees ........................................................................129
Prosecutor ....................................................................130
Probation Officer ...........................................................131
Defense Counsel ...........................................................133
Guardian Ad Litem .......................................................134
rights of juveniles and parents ...........................................134
questions in review .............................................................136
endnotes .............................................................................136
7 overview of the procedures in juvenile court .......................139
introduction .......................................................................139
opening a case ....................................................................139
Intake and Investigation ...............................................140
temporary custody of the juvenile .......................................142
petition to juvenile court .....................................................143
Detention Hearing .........................................................143
jurisdiction hearing ............................................................144
Adjudicatory Hearings ..................................................145
disposition hearing .............................................................145
postdisposition hearing ......................................................147
Differences from Adult Criminal Court..........................148
direct filing in adult criminal court ....................................149
waiver/transfer hearing ......................................................150
questions in review .............................................................151
endnote ..............................................................................151
8 procedures in juvenile court ...............................................153
introduction .......................................................................153
delinquency cases...............................................................155
detention hearings ..............................................................157
citation ...............................................................................158
venue .................................................................................159
jurisdiction or intake hearing .............................................159