Table Of ContentTHE JORDANIAN POLICY TOWARDS THE SYRIAN
CRISIS 2011 – 2016
Ph.D.Thesis
By
Mohammed B. E. Saaida
MMAJ ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
NEW DELHI-110025
JANUARY 2019
THE JORDANIAN POLICY TOWARDS THE SYRIAN
CRISIS 2011 – 2016
Thesis
Submitted to
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
In partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award of the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in
International Studies
by
MOHAMMED B. E. SAAIDA
Under the Supervision of
Dr. SHAHID TASLEEM
MMAJ ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
NEW DELHI-110025
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to extend thanks to the many people, in my country Palestine and in India,
those whom so generously encouraged me to the work presented in this thesis.
Special mention goes to my enthusiastic supervisor Dr. Shahid Tasleem. My PhD has been
an amazing experience and I thank him wholeheartedly, not only for his tremendous
academic support, but also for giving me so many wonderful opportunities.
The same mention goes to the staff of Al-Istiqlal University in Palestine and the staff of
MMAJ Academy for International Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia in New Delhi
Finally, but by no means least, thanks go to my whole family, father, mother, brothers,
sisters, my wife and sons and daughter, and to all of my relatives for their unbelievable
support. Thanking extends also for all of my friends and colleagues in Palestine and India.
They are the most important people in my world and I dedicate this thesis to them.
Mohammed B. E. Saaida
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List of Abbreviations
ACC Arab Cooperation Council
CIA C e n t ral Intelligence Agency
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
DoS J ordanian Department of Statistics
EU European Union
FSA Free Syrian Army
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GDP Gross Domestic Product
ILO International Labor Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
ISIS I s l a m ic State in Iraq and Sham
JRP Jordan Response Plan
JRPSC J o r d an Response Platform for the Syria Crisis
MENA Middle East and North Africa
MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MKO Mujahedin-e-Khalq Organization (People's Mujahedin of Iran)
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MOC Military Operations Center
MoE M i n i s try of Education
MoPIC Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, Jordan
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NRP National Resilience Plan
OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization
UN United Nations
USA U n i ted States of America
UNCHR U n it e d Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP U n i t e d Nations Environment Programme
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
WTO W o r l d T rade Organization
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Contents
Declaration.………………………………………………………….. ii
Certificate.…………………………………………………………… iii
Acknowledgements.…………………………………………….….. iv
List Of Abbreviations.………………………………………………. v
1.1 Introduction.…………………………………………………………. 2
1.2 Statement of the Problem.……………………………………………. 5
1.3 Research Questions.………………………………………………….. 8
1.4 Research Objectives:…………………………………………………. 9
1.5 Hypotheses.…………………………………………………………… 9
1.6 Research Methodology.………………………………………………. 10
1.7 Research Structure.…………………………………………………… 11
1.8 Literature Review.……………………………………………………. 14
1.8.1 Studies on the Impact of Syrian Refugees on Jordan.………………... 14
1.8.2 Research on Regional and International Environment, and the
Jordanian Foreign Policy and Position Regarding the Syrian Crisis.… 19
1.8.3 Research on the Impact of Terrorism and Security Threats on Jordan.. 23
1.8.4 Research Focused on the Roots of the Syrian Crisis.………………… 27
1.8.5 Comments on the Literature Review.………………………………… 29
Chapter One: Theoretical and Conceptual Framework.………… 32
2.1 Part One: Theories of Foreign Policy….……………………………... 32
2.1.1 The Realism Theory.…………………………………………………. 33
2.1.2 The Liberalism Theory:………………………………………………. 34
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2.1.3 The Marxism Theory.………………………………………………… 36
2.1.4 The Constructivism Theory.………………………………………….. 36
2.2 Part Two: Foreign Policy.…………………………………………….. 38
2.2.1 Foreign Policy Definition.……………………………………………. 38
2.2.2 The Concept of Foreign Policy.………………………………………. 40
2.2.3 Aims and Objectives of Foreign Policy.……………………………… 41
2.2.4 Characteristics of Foreign Policy.…………………………………….. 43
2.2.5 Determinants of Foreign Policy.……………………………………… 44
2.2.5.1 The Internal Determinants.…………………………………………… 45
2.2.5.2 The External Determinants.…………………………………………... 47
2.2.6 Tools of Foreign Policy.……………………………………………… 48
2.3 Part Three: Foreign Policy Related Items.……………………………. 49
2.3.1 Differences between Foreign Policy and Related Items ……………... 49
2.3.2 The Relation between Foreign Policy and Domestic Policy.………… 51
2.3.3 Foreign Policy Decision Making……………………………………... 52
2.3.4 Foreign Policy Orientations…………………………………………... 53
2.4 Part Four: Crisis and Crisis Management…………………………….. 54
2.4.1 Concept of Crisis……………………………………………………... 54
2.4.2 Crisis Management…………………………………………………… 56
2.4.3.1 National Interests……………………………………………………... 56
2.4.3.2 National Security……………………………………………………... 57
Chapter Two: Delineating the Determinants of the Jordanian
Foreign Policy……………………….………………………………. 60
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3.1 Determinants of Jordanian Foreign Policy…………………………… 61
3.2 The Internal Determinants……………………………………………. 62
3.2.1 Geographical Location………………………………………………... 62
3.2.2 Population…………………………………………………………….. 65
3.2.3 Social Structure……………………………………………………….. 69
3.2.4 Public Opinion………………………………………………………... 71
3.2.5 Economy……………………………………………………………… 72
3.2.6 Natural Resources…………………………………………………….. 75
3.2.7 Military Power………………………………………………………... 78
3.2.8 The Political System………………………………………………….. 80
3.2.8.1 The Executive Authority……………………………………………… 81
3.2.8.1.1. The King……………………………………………………………… 81
3.2.8.1.2. The Cabinet………………………………………………………….... 81
3.2.8.2. The Legislative Authority (The Parliament)………………………….. 82
3.2.8.2.1. The Senate…………………………………………………………….. 82
3.2.8.2.2. The Council of Representatives………………………………………. 82
3.2.8.3. The Judiciary Authority………………………………………………. 82
3.2.9 Leadership and the Personalities of Leaders………………………….. 83
3.3 The External Determinants…………………………………………… 83
3.3.1 The International Order………………………………………………. 83
3.3.2 International Organizations…………………………………………… 84
3.3.3 World Public Opinion………………………………………………… 85
3.3.4 The Jordanian Diplomatic Relations………………………………….. 86
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