Table Of ContentJOINT IMPLEMENTATION TO CURB CLIMATE CHANGE
ENVIRONMENT & POLICY
VOLUME2
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Joint Implementation
to Curb Climate Change
Legal and Economic Aspects
Edited by
Onno Kuik
Free University Amsterdam,
Institute for Environmental Studies,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Paul Peters
Institute of Social Studies International Services,
The Hague, The Netherlands
and
Nico Schrijver
Institute of Social Studies International Services,
The Hague, The Netherlands
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA. B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-4399-3 ISBN 978-94-015-8370-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-8370-1
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1994 Springer Science+Business MediaDordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of abbreviations ix
Introduction xi
PART 1
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS
by Karin Arts, Paul Peters, Nico Schrijver and Peter van Sluijs
CHAPTER I JOINT IMPLEMENTATION FROM AN INTERNATIONAL LAW
PERSPECTIVE
1 Joint implementation: an exploration 3
2 The joint implementation concept of the FCCC 4
2.1 Meaning and scope of joint implementation in the FCCC 4
2.2 Common and differentiated responsibilities 6
3 Precedents 8
3.1 Montreal Protocol 9
3.2 Other forerunners 11
3.3 Joint implementation as a special form of foreign investment 14
4 International law principles involved 15
4.1 The principle of territorial sovereignty 15
4.2 The duty to cooperate 15
4.3 Common heritage of humankind 16
4.4 State responsibility and liability 17
4.5 General principles and objectives of EC and GATT law 17
5 EC and GATT 18
5.1 EC involvement 18
5.2 GATT rules 23
6 Institutional arrangements 25
v
CHAPTER II PUTTING JOINT IMPLEMENTATION INTO PRACTICE
7 Partners in joint implementation 28
7.1 Survey of categories of partners 28
7.1.1 Netherlands - Poland 28
7.1.2 Netherlands -Belgium 29
7.1.3 Netherlands -Kenya 30
7.1.4 Multilateral joint implementation 31
7.2 Graduation and integration 32
8 Actors in joint implementation 33
8.1 Governments 34
8.2 Business and industry 35
8.3 Intergovernmental organizations 37
8.4 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 39
8.5 Sponsorship 40
9 Crediting 40
10 Criteria and new instruments 46
10.1 Criteria: review of proposals 46
10.2 Future instruments 53
10.2.1 Tradeable emission permits 53
10.2.2 Clearinghouse 55
11 Recording joint implementation arrangements 56
11.1 Contract or treaty? 56
11.2 Applicable law 58
11.3 Effect of withdrawal 59
12 Monitoring and enforcement 60
12.1 Monitoring mechanisms 61
12.2 Reporting procedures 61
12.3 Inspection and verification 62
12.4 Dispute settlement 63
12.5 Sanctions 64
13 Conclusions 65
vi
PART2
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
by Tsjalle van der Burg
1 Introduction 73
2 Types of GHG effects of joint implementation projects 74
3 The direct GHG effects of the replaced project(s)
and the concept of GHG certificates 77
4 Additionality of joint implementation projects: regimes that
are easy to deal with and regimes that are difficult to deal with 79
5 Additionality of joint implementation projects in countries
with difficult regimes 81
6 GHG certificates -introduction 91
7 GHG certificates -direct GHG effects 93
8 GHG certificates -indirect GHG effects 97
9 GHG certificates -conclusions and comments 105
10 The third and fourth indirect GHG effect 108
11 Social and economic effects other than GHG effects 110
12 Equity 112
13 Criteria for joint implementation 112
14 The implications of other interpretations of the FCCC 115
15 Barriers to joint implementation and the role of
national governments in overcoming them 117
16 The role of international organizations in the near future 119
17 The development of joint implementation in the more distant future 120
PART3
JOINT IMPLEMENTATION PROJECTS BETWEEN
THE NETHERLANDS AND POLAND
by Ryszard Janikowski, Beata Michaliszyn and Janusz Krupanek
1 Introduction 129
2 Background of Dutch-sponsored joint implementation projects
in Poland and criteria therefor: a general overview 130
2.1 Background 130
2.2 Criteria 131
3 Types of projects that fulftl the criteria: a general introduction 132
4 Institutional aspects 144
5 A more detailed discussion of the criteria 146
6 Conclusions 155
vii
PART4
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ON JOINT IMPLEMENTATION:
MAKING IT WORK
by Roebijn Heintz, Onno Kuik, Paul Peters,
Nico Schrijver and Pier Vellinga
1 Introduction 161
2 Joint implementation under the Convention 162
3 Criteria for joint implementation 163
4 Institutional arrangements 171
5 Making it work 173
6 Joint implementation between the Netherlands and Poland 178
ANNEX 1 Joint implementation in discussion
by Roebijn Heintz 181
ANNEX 2 Status of ratification of the Convention 195
ANNEX3 Text of relevant provisions of the Climate Change Convention 196
ANNEX4 Basic principles of Polish environmental policy 200
ANNEXS Additional GHG 'costs' of projects 202
ANNEX 6 Polish Environmental Assessment 203
BIBLIOGRAPHY 205
INDEX 209
viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACP-countries African, Caribbean and Pacific countries
ASIL-NVIR American Society of International Law - Nederlandse Vereniging voor
Internationaal Recht (Netherlands International Law Association)
b billion
BIG-OT Biomass integrated gasification gas turbine
BISD Basic Instruments and Selected Documents
BIT Bilateral investment treaty
CFC Chlorofluorocarbon
CIME Committee on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises
(of OECD)
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild and
Fauna and Flora
en
Committee on Joint Implementation
C0 Carbon dioxide
2
CoP Conference of the Parties
DAC Development Assistance Committee (of OECD)
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EC European Community
ECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
EEIT Eastern European countries in transition to a market economy
EIA Environmental impact assessment
EU European Union
FACE Forests Absorbing Carbon dioxide Emission
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
FIELD Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development
GA General Assembly of the United Nations
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GDP Gross domestic product
GEF Global Environment Facility
GHG Greenhouse gas( es)
GHG-EB GHG Executive Body
GHG-IDRC GHG Information and Data Resource Centre
GNP Gross national product
HCFC H ydrochlorofluorocarbon
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IBJI International Body on Joint Implementation
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICSID International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes
IDA International Development Association
ix
