jimma university college of agriculture and veterinary medicine, school of veterinary medicine ...

118 Pages·2017·1.21 MB·English

JIMMA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE,
SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF CAUSE OF ABORTION IN
CATTLE AT LIMU SEKA AND CHORA BOTER DISTRICTS OF
JIMMA ZONE, SOUTHWESTREN ETHIOPIA

MSC. THESIS

BY
DEREJE TULU ROBI

JANUARY, 2018
JIMMA, ETHIOPIA

i
JIMMA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE
SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

Epidemiological Investigation of Cause of Abortion in Cattle at Limu Seka
and Chora Boter Districts of Jimma Zone, Southwestren Ethiopia
MSc. Thesis
By
Dereje Tulu Robi

Submitted to Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary
Medicine, Graduate Studies of Veterinary Medicine in partial fulfillment of
Master of Science (MSc.) in Veterinary Epidemiology

Major advisor: Benti Deressa (DVM, MTADM, Associate Professor)
Co-advisor: Feyisa Begna (DVM, MSc, Assistant Professor)

January, 2018
Jimma, Ethiopia
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JIMMA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE
Thesis Submission for External Defense Request form (F-07)

Name of Student: Dereje Tulu Robi ID NO: RM 9539/08

Program of Study: Veterinary Epidemiology
Title: “Epidemiological Investigation of Abortion Cause in Cattle of Limu Seka and Chora
Boter Districts of Jimma Zone”
I have incorporated the suggestions and modifications given during the internal thesis defense
and got the approval of my advisors. Hence I hereby kindly request the department to allow
me to submit my thesis for external defense.
Dereje Tulu Robi _______________
Name and Signature of Student Signature

We, the thesis advisors have verified that the student has incorporated the suggestions and
modifications given during the internal thesis defense and the thesis is ready to be submitted.
Hence, we recommend the thesis to be submitted for external defense.
Major Advisors’ Name: Dr. Benti Deressa Signature_____________Date_____________
Co- Advisors’ Name: Dr. Feyissa Begna Signature_______________Date___________

Decision/suggestion of department graduate council (DGC)
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Chairperson of DGC Name Signature Date
___________________ ____________ __________
Chairperson of CGS Name Signature Date
___________________ ___________ __________

I
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my beloved mother Gete Gurmu and my sister Lelise Tulu for
laying foundation of my education.

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STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR
First, I declare that this thesis is my bona fide work and that all sources of materials used for
this thesis have been duly acknowledged. It has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for MSc degree at Jimma University and is deposited at the University Library
to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. I solemnly declare that this
thesis is not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic
degree, diploma, or certificate.
Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission provided that
accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation
from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the
major School or the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies when in his or her judgment the
proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however,
permission must be obtained from the author.
Name: Dereje Tulu Robi
Signature: -----------------------
Place: Jimma University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture
Date of Submission: ---------------------------------------

III
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Dereje was born in 1989 from his father Tulu Robi and his mother Gete Gurmu in Ada’a
district, Eastern shewa zone, Oromiyia region, Ethiopia. He attended his primary school in
Keta elementary and junior school in Bishoftu starting from 1996 years. He attended his
secondery school in Ada’a model senior secondary school Bishoftu until 2006 and he attended
his preparatory school in Bishoftu. After he completed his preparatory school he joined Jigjiga
University in 2008 and he graduated with Doctor of Veterinary Medicine in 16th June in 2012.
After graduation he worked in Ethiopia Agricultural Research Institute (EARI) in Tepi
Agricultural Research Center in position as Assistant animal health researcher up to date. He
again joined Jimma University School of Veterinary Medicine to study his M.Sc. in
Veterinary Epidemiology from October 2015 to date.

IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and fore most I would like to thank God for his grace, immeasurable love and giving me
strength and health throughout my life to finish this thesis successfully.
Next, I would like to acknowledge from my heart to my advisors Dr. Benti Deressa and Dr.
Feyisa Begna for their noble hearted help and unreserved professional advice in implementing
the research design, and kind cooperation, critically reviewing articles and constructive
comments and suggestion, and devotion of their time in correcting this thesis to produce the
final version.
My special thanks goes to also Jimma University, School of Veterinary Medicine and
Agriculture academic and support staff members of the college, for their positive cooperation
during my research work. I want to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to Limu
Seka and Chora Boter districts Office, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia, especially to Dr. Dase Kefihalo
and Dr. Shibiru Diriba for their positive cooperation during sample collection and processing
from the districts
I wish to extend my sincere thanks to my family for their financial and moral support that
pave the way for the great success in my life. Lastly, but not the least, I would like to extend
my great respect to my all friends for their nice advices, suggestions and technical supports
during preparation of this thesis.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AHA American Hospital Association
AI Artificial Insemination
c-ELISA Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
CFSPH Center for Food Security and Public Health
CFT Complement Fixation Test
CSA Central Statistics Authority
ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay
FG Focus Group
FMD Foot and Mouth Disease
GNO None Governmental Organition
iELISA Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay
Ig Immunoglobulin
ILCA Intrenational Livestock Center For Africa
ILRI International Livestock Research Institute
JUCAM Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
mAb Monoclonal Antibodies
Masl Meters Above Sea Level
MRT Microscopic Agglutination Test
MZN Modified Ziehl-Nielsen Stain
NK Natural Killer
PA Peasant Associations
PAHO Pan American Health Organization
PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
PE Participatory Epidemiology
PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal
RB51 Rought B. Abortus Strains 51
RBPT Rose Bengal Plate Test
ROC Receiver Operating Characteristics
SAT Serum Agglutination Test
SLPS Smooth Lipopolysaccharides
SSI Semi-Structured Interview
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... II
STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR ...................................................................................... III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... V
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... VI
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... I
LIST OF ANNEXES .............................................................................................................. IV
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Statement of the Problems and Justification of the Study ......................................... 4
1.2. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................. 5
1.2.1. General Objective ..................................................................................................... 5
1.2.2. Specific objectives .................................................................................................... 5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Abortion in Cattle ........................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1. Risk factors of abortion in cattle ............................................................................... 7
2.1.2. Economic importance of abortion in cattle ............................................................... 8
2.1.3. Diagnosis of abortion in cattle .................................................................................. 8
2.1.4. Status of abortion in cattle in Ethiopia...................................................................... 9
2.2. Participatory Epidemiology ........................................................................................ 11
2.2.1. Participatory epidemiology tools ............................................................................ 11
2.2.2. Participatory epidemiology compared to conventional methods ............................ 14
2.2.3. Applications of participatory epidemiology ........................................................... 15
VII
2.2.4. Data collection and analysis in participatory epidemiology ................................... 16
2.3. Bovine Brucellosis ........................................................................................................ 16
2.3.1. Etiology ................................................................................................................... 16
2.3.2. Epidemiology of brucellosis ................................................................................... 17
2.3.3. Clinical signs........................................................................................................... 22
2.3.4. Pathogenesis............................................................................................................ 23
2.3.5. Diagnosis ................................................................................................................ 24
2.3.6. Control and eradication of brucellosis .................................................................... 27
2.3.7. Public health significance of brucellosis ................................................................ 27
2.3.8. Status of bovine brucellosis in Ethiopia ................................................................. 28
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................................................................................... 30
3.1. Study Areas and Period .............................................................................................. 30
3.1.1. Limu Seka district ................................................................................................... 30
3.1.2. Chora Boter district ................................................................................................. 30
3.2. Study Population ......................................................................................................... 31
3.3. Study Design and Methods ......................................................................................... 32
3.3.1. Cross-sectional study design ................................................................................... 32
3.3.2. Participatory epidemiology methods ...................................................................... 32
3.3.3. Serological investigation......................................................................................... 36
3.4. Sampling Procedure and Sample Size Determination ............................................. 36
3.5. Data Collection ............................................................................................................ 38
3.6. Blood Sample Collection and Laboratory Tests ....................................................... 38
3.6.1. Blood sample collection procedure......................................................................... 38
3.6.2. Serological tests ...................................................................................................... 39
3.7. Data Management and Analysis ................................................................................ 39
4. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................... 41
4.1. Questionnaire Survey Result ...................................................................................... 41
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