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A study of the concept and experience of temptation in
the synoptic Gospels
Grinbergs, Elna Dagmara
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Grinbergs, Elna Dagmara (1973) A study of the concept and experience of temptation in the synoptic
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2
A. STUDY OP THE CONCEPT AND EXPERIENCE OF
TEMPTATION IN THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS
BY
ELNA DAGMARA GRINBERGS
Thesds> for the Degree; of Master of
Arts submitted to the University of
Durham
Department of Theology,
University of Durham, July, 1973.
Durham.
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT' . . . . . . . . i
ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . .. i ii
INTRODUCTION
Chapter One?
THE H lr ) PA£ HOE OP JESUS! IN THE GOSPEL OF MARK
A. The Temptation of Jesus . . . . T:
B. Demons and the Practice of Exorcism . 16
C. Jesus* Exorcisms in the Gospel of Mark
(With References to the Synoptic
Parallels;) . . . . .. 32
D. Jesus1 Encounter with P±6 frDS
Caused by Human Agents; ' . . 6f.
I. The Beelzebul Controversy . . 61
I I. Caesarea Philippi. . . . . 72-
I I I. Gethsemane . . . .. 78
E. Crucifixion as Self-Exorcism . . . 107
P. Appendix: Crucifixion From a. Medical
Perspective . . . . . . 126
Chapter Two
PARTICULAR EMPHASES IN THE GOSPEL OF LUKE
AND THE CONCEPT OP ]7 E I PALM Q L
A. Historical and Theological Reasons for
the Composition of Luke' s. Gospel . ... 132
I. Apology . . . . .. 134
1 . Political Apology and the
Imperium . . . . . 1Jk
2. Apology and Judaism . . . 139
I I. An Outline of the Parousia
Postponement . . . . . 140
Page
B. Traces of the Parousia Postponement
in the Synoptics . . . .. 144
C. Luke's Interpretation of the Parousiai
Postponement . . . . .. 161;
D. Heilsgeschichte in Luke , 182:.
I. Jesus and the Heilsgeschichte . 182'.
1. The Mission of Jesus and
the Heilsgeschichte; 182
2. Christological Titles . 186
I I. The Framework of the Heilsgeschichte? 193
E. Evidence of Satan's and Demonic
Presence within the So-Called
Heilsgeschichte in Luke . . .. 219
F. Evidence of Satan's Presence Outside
the So-Called Heilsgeschichte in Luke 234
G. The Idea of Temptation in Luke's Gospel
Reflected by Other Word Groupss 268
Chapter Three
CONSIDERATIONS OF JESUSJ_ TEACHING AND ATTITUDE
IN CONNECTION WITH ft E J P/t I/*|#£3ENSTANCES IN
THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW
A. The Sixth and Seventh Petitions in
Matthew's Version of the Lord's Prayer . 279
I. Introduction . . . . . 279
I I. The Sixth and the Seventh Petitions
in Matthew's Version of, the Lord's?
Prayer . . . . . ..
280
B. Jesus' Attitude Towards Marriage and
Dxvorce as II 6 IP<±6 jU os; Situaxto n xn
Matthew
293
C. Taxes to Caesar 303
D. The Great Commandment .
E. Appendix, to the Temptation Problem
BIBLIOGRAPHY .
i
ABSTRACT
At the very outset the first chapter considers Jesus'
temptation in Mark and the main concepts related to i t. This;
chapter presents also a short outline of demonology and of
the practice of exorcism. Secondly, it focuses attention
upon Jesus' exorcisms in the gospel of Mark, cf. also
parallels. Thirdly, Jesus' encounter with temptation caused
by human agents is considered, cf. the Beelzebul controversy,
Caesarea Philippi, and the Gethsemane narrative. Fourth,
Jesus' crucifixion in Mark is interpreted from a temptation
perspective. The chapter is concluded with an appendix,
which interprets Jesus' crucifixion from a modern medical
point of view.
Chapter two covers four areas of thought: ( i) apology,
(2) Parousia postponement, (3) Hejlsgeschichte, and (4) the
problem of temptation. The investigation of Luke's apology
is a presentation of historical reasons, which influenced
Luke to compose his gospel. Luke's apology is traced within
the framework of the gospel. The division of the Pardusia
postponement deals with the investigation of C~~S..> theological
reasons, which caused Luke to compose his gospel. The
Parousia postponement problem is presented from two points of
view. First, a general Synoptic approach to this problem is
considered. Secondly, the study emphasizes Luke's particular
approach to the Parousia postponement problem. The subdi
vision Heilsgeschichte is a short consideration of Jesus'
mission and person, according to Luke, and also a consideration
of the framework, within which the gospel is embedded. The;
XX
problem of temptation in Luke is;
approached from two points of view. Namely, first, attention
is paid to Satan's and demonic activity within the
Heilsgeschichte proper (Lk.4:13-22; 3)» Secondly, the activity
of Satan and of demons is traced outside the so-called
Heilsgeschichte. Finally, a short appendix is added, which
considers the idea of temptation presented by other word
groups in Luke's gospel.
The third chapter investigates the sixth and the seventh
petitions of the Lord's prayer in Matthew's gospel from a
historical and theological point of view. It is a consideration
/
of the eschatological ft £ \ OS of an individual and a.
community just before the eschatological End. Secondly,
chapter three focuses attention upon Jesus' teaching about
marriage and divorce in a situation, which can be designated
as temptation. A short outline is presented also of Jewish
and Gentile attitudes towards the problem of marriage and
divorce. Thirdly, the question about taxes; payable to Caesar
is considered from a temptation perspective. Fourth, attention
is paid to Jesus' interpretation of the Commandment of Love in
a situation, which can be characterized as? IT<£I^U6JHOS . The
chapter is concluded with an appendix, which considers; several
short references to temptation in Matthew's gospel.
: in
Angl. Theol. Rev. Anglican Theological Review;
BZ Biblische Zeitschrift
Deutsche Theol. Deutsche Theologie
Expj? Times Expository Times
Ev. Theol. Evangelische Theologie
HThR Harvard Theological Review
JBL Journal of Biblical Literature
Journ. of Theol. Stud. Journal of Theological Studies
NTS New Testament Studies
Nov. Test. Novum Testamenturn
Syn. Stud. Synoptische Studien
Stud. Ev. Studia Evangelica
Schweitzerische Theol. Schweitzerische Theologische
Umschau Um&chau"%
SJT Scottish Journal of Theology
Theol. Zeitschrift Theologische Zeitschrift
Theol. Literaturzeitung Theologische Literaturzeitung
Theol. Quart. Theologische Quartalschrift
T.D.N.T. Theological Dictionary of the
New Testament
Theol. Blatter Theologische Blatter
Theol. Theology
ZAlf Zeitschrift fur die Alttesta-
mentliche Wissenschaft
ZNW- Zeitschrift fur die Neutesta-
mentliche ¥issenschaft
ZSTh Zeitschrift fur die Systematische
Theologie
ZThK Zeitschrift fur die Theologie
und Kirche
INTRODUCTION;
This study is an investigation of the "fj £ i ^J.C^0£ concept
in the Synoptic Gospels, Matthew, Mark and Luke. However,
at the same time it is not a comparative study of the Synoptics
in their treatment of this theme. Bach of the three chapters
presents an independent approach to the particular Gospel
concerned. References in this study are made to a ll three
Synoptics, however, only so f ar as it seems necessary for
interpretation of some problem.
The first chapter deals with Mark's Gospel. The back
ground of this Gospel is the fierce battle, already raging,
between God and Satan. The hour is coming and is almost
imminent, when God will destroy a ll Satanic forces. For
this reason Jesus appears in Mark as a disguised, but mighty,
warrior, whose duty is to fight and destroy Satan and demons.
In Mark the great battle starts with the temptation of Jesus
and ends with Jesus self-exorcism on the cross. Because of
Mark's emphasis upon Satan and demons, this particular study
presents also a short outline of the development of demonology
and of exorcism practices in the pre-Christian empires of the
Middle East.
The second chapter of this study deals with the Gospel
of Luke, which was written circa A.D.70-90, i.e.j later than
Mark, circa A.D.65-70. Consequently, Luke had to face
problems, theological and historical, in which Mark was not
involved. For this reason, the first half of the second
chapter is a consideration of problems peculiar to Luke,