Jeppesen JAA ATPL Training Textbook - 2. General Navigation

281 Pages·2016·63.15 MB·English

PREFACE ___________________
As the world moves toward a single standard for international pilot licensing, many nations have
adopted the syllabi and regulations of the "Joint Aviation Requirements-Flight Crew Licensing"
(JAR-FCl), the licensing agency of the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA).
Though training and licensing requirements of individual national aviation authorities are similar in
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publication, "JAR-FCl 1 (Aeroplanes)".
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111
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"
Table o/Contents
CHAPTER 1
The Form of the Earth
Shape of the Earth .............. ............... .. .......................... _.. . _.. ...... _ ...... __________________ 1-1
The Poles _______________________________ .. ______ .......... __ .............. ____ .......... ___ .. ____ ............... _ __ __ ................ __ 1-2
East and West... __ .............. ______ ...................... ____ .............. ___ ............ .. .. __ .... _1-2
North Pole and South Pole . .. __ .... _.. .... ___ __ __ .. ____ .......... ______ ...... _1-2
Cardinal Directions_ .... ........ _ .............. _.. _____ .... ______________ .............. _ .... __ 1-3
Great Circle.. ____ .... ____ .. __________ .. ________ .... _ .. ___________ 1-3
Vertex of a Great Circle __________ .. __________ .. _____________ ...... __________ ...... __________ .... ________ .. .. .......... ___ .. ___________ 1-4
Small Circle .... _______________ ...... ___________ .. ____________ .... _________ ...... ______________ .... _________ .. _.. _ ...... ___________ 1-5
The Equator___________ .... ______________ ...... ___________ ........ _____________ ........ _________ .. _1-5
Meridians _ ...... _.. . _________ .. _.. .. _________ ___ .... ___________ ...... ____________ .... _________ .. _1-6
Paraliels of Latitude ...... _____________ .... _________ .... ____________ .... _1-6
Rhumb Line .. _.. ________________ .... ________ .. _ ...... ________________________________________ 1-7
CHAPTER 2
Position on the Earth
Angular Measurement ...... _____________ __________________ ________________________ ........ .2-1
Position Reference System.. __ .... _____________ ____________________ ______________________ .2-2
Latitude and Longitude _______________________________________________ .... ___________.. . .. .. ____________ __ ___ 2-2
Latitude ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ .. ____________ __ _______________________ 2-3
Longitude _________________________________________________________ .. _______________________________ ............ _.. .. ________ 2-3
Position Using Latitude and Longitude.. .. .... ________________ .. _________________________________________ .. .. ... ......... 2-4
Change of Latitude (Ch Lat).... ____ .. _________________ ........ 2-5
Calculation of Change of Latitude _________ ...... _. ... _____________ .2-5
Mean Latitude: Mean Lat (Mlat) .. _____ .. .. .......... _ .......... ____ ........ ____________ __2-6
Change of Longitude (Ch Long) _____________ ____ .. __________ ______________________ .. ________________ 2-7
Mean Longitude ____________ .. ________________ .. _____________ .. __________ ____________________ ________________ _.. __ .. _2-9
Answers to Position Examples .. _.. .. ............ ...... _.. _. ... _________ .. _________________ .. _______________ ............. 2-10
CHAPTER 3
Distance
._ __ .________________________ __________
Introduction ........ . ~1
Definitions.. .. ...... ____ .... _ .. _______ .... _.. .. ........ _. ... ...... ________________________________ 3-1
Conversion Factors ................ .................. ................. ..................... ............... . ............. 3-2
Great Circle Distance .... ___ .. __________ .. ______________ _____________________________________________ .................... _. ... 3-2
Departure (East - West Distance Calculalion) .... ___ ... .. ___________________ _____________________ ..... 3-4
Distance Example Answers ___________ .. _____ ___.. ______________ _____________________ _______________ __ __________ .. ____ 3-6
General Navigation VII
Table oreontents
CHAPTER 4
Direction
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... .......... 4-1
Definitions .................................................................................................................................. ............... 4-1
True Direction .............................................................................................................................................. 4-1
Magnetic Direction ..................................................................................................................................... 4-1
Variation ...................... . ............................................................................................ 4-2
Variation - Wes!..... . ....................................................................................................................... 4-2
Variation - East .................................................... . .............................................................. 4-3
Isogonal ... ........ ... ... ............. ........ . .. .... .... ................. ..... . ......................... 4-4
The Agonic Line .......................... . ...................................................................................................... 4-4
Deviation ............................ ....... ... ........ ..... . ......................... 4-4
Deviation - West .... ..... ....... . ......................................................................................................... 4-5
Deviation - East ...................... ................................................................ .................... 4-6
Relative Bearing ................ ......... ... ............. ..... . ................................................................. 4-8
Direction Example Answers ...... ..... .... . .................................................................. 4-9
CHAPTER 5
Speed
Introduction ..................................... . ................................................................................................... 5-1
Airspeed .................................................................................................................................................... 5-1
Airspeed Indicator Reading (ASIR) ............................................................................................................ 5-1
Indicated Airspeed (lAS) ....................... ........................................................ . .............. 5-1
Instrument Error ....... .............................. ............................................... . .................... 5-1
Rectified Airspeed (RAS) ............... ........................................... . ........................................................ 5-2
Position Error... ............... ................................... ................................................ . ............................. 5-2
Equivalent Airspeed (EAS)........ ............................................................. . ............ 5-2
True Airspeed (TAS) .................................................. ............. . .. ...................... 5-2
Density Error .... ....... ............................................................................... ...................... . ......... 5-2
Groundspeed ............ ......... ........ .... ....... .................... ........................... ......... . ......................... 5-3
Mach Number ......... .................................................................................................................................... 5-3
Summary of Speed ............................................................................... 5-3
Introduction to Relative Speed .......... ....................................... ..................... ... ....... ....... .. 5-4
CHAPTER 6
Triangle of Velocities
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 6-1
The Components of the Triangle of Velocities ................................................................................ . ...... 6-1
The Air Vector .... .......................... ....................................................................... ........ ..... . ............... 6-1
The Wind Vector ...................................................... ..................................... . ................................ 6-2
The Ground Vector............................. .................... ................ .............. . ..................... 6-3
Answers to the Triangle of Velocities Examples................ ...................... . ............. 6-4
VIII General Navigation
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 7
Pooley's CRP 5 - Circular Slide Rule
Introduction ............... ................................. . ................................................................. 7-1
Multiplication, Division, and Ratios ...................... .. ..................................................................... ..7-2
Multiplication..... ............... ...... . .............................................................................. 7-2
Division. ... ............ ..... . ....................................................................................7 -4
Ratios . ................................ ............. . ....................................................... 7-5
Conversions ..... ........ .................. ............................. ..... . .................................. 7-6
Feet - Metres - Yards ................................ .. .............................................................7 -7
Conversion between Weight and Volume ................................... ......... . ................................. 7-8
Fahrenheit to Centigrade .........................................................................................................................7 -9
Speed, Distance, and Time ....... .............. ............................. . .. ....... ....... .. ................... 7-10
Groundspeed.. ......... ....................... ............................ .. ....................................... 7-10
Time.. .... .................................. ................ ..................... ............... .............. .. .............. 7-10
Distance Travelled ..................... .............................. ............. .............. ...................... .. .............. 7-10
Calculation of TAS Up to 300 Knots ........................ ..................................... .. ................ 7-11
Calculation of TAS Over 300 Knots ............... ........................ ....................... ............. .. ..... 7-12
Calculation of TAS from Mach Number.. .. .............. ........................ .. ......................... 7-13
Temperature Rise Scale .................... ..................... ........................ .. .................... .7-15
Calculation of True Altitude ....................................................................................................................7 -16
Calculation of Density Altitude ........................... ............................... ............... .............. .7-17
Answers to CRP 5 Examples ................... ........................... ................ ........................ .. ..... 7-18
CHAPTER 8
Pooley's - The Triangle of Velocities
Introduction.. . ................ .................. ................................. .. .. 8-1
Computer Terminology ............................. .. ........................... 8-1
Tips for Usage..................................... .............. .. ............. 8-2
Drift Scale ............................. ....... ......... ............. .... ................ .. ...................... 8-4
Obtaining Heading ...................... .................. .. ............................................................ 8-4
To Calculate Track and Groundspeed ..... .................... .. ......................................... 8-5
To Find the Wind Velocity.......................... ................... .................... .. ........... 8-7
To Find Heading and Groundspeed .................................................................................................. 8-8
Take-Off and Landing Wind Componen!............. ............... ...................... ..................... .. ......... 8-10
Tailwind Component ...................................... ........................ .. .......................................... 8-12
Crosswind and Headwind Limits ............................................................................................................... 8-12
CHAPTER 9
Maps and Charts - Introduction
Introduction ......... ................ .............. ..................................................... .. ........................................... 9-1
Properties of the Ideal Chart .............. ................................ .............. ......................... .. ............. 9-1
Shape of the Earth ........................................................ .................................... .. ...................... 9-2
Vertical Datum ............. ...................... ............................... ............. ............. .. ................. 9-2
Chart Construction ............................................ ................ ...................... .. .................................. .. ...... 9-2
Earth Convergence ....................................... ......................................... . ..... 9-3
Calculation of Convergence... .................. ................................................ .. ...... 9-4
Map Classification.. .................. ................................................. .. ........... 9-7
~~ ....... ..................... ~
Distances ...... ........................................... ....................... ................... . ................. 9-8
Geodetic and Geocentric Latitude ............... .. .............. 9-10
Geodetic (Geographic) Latitude... ...................... .. .......... 9-10
Geocentric Latitude..... ............. ......................... .. ............................................................... 9-11
Maps and Charts Answers............ ................................ .................................. . ................... 9-12
General Navigation IX
Table o/Contents
CHAPTER 10
Maps and Charts - Mercator
Introduction. ...................................................... ...................... . ...................................... 10-1
Properties of the Mercator Chart ......................................................................................... 10-2
Scale ............. ................. ............. ....................... . .................................................. 10-2
Measurement of Distance ............... .... ..................................... . .............................................. 10-3
Use of Chart.. ... ................... ........ . ................................................................................................ 10-3
Plotting on a Mercator Chart. .. ........... ............ ............. ... ... .................... ............. .................... ....... . ... 10-3
Plotting Using VORs ................ ..... ..................................... ............. . ..................... 10-6
Summary of Plotting ........................... ....................... . ....................................... 10-7
Mercator Problems ....... ...... ...... ........... ..... ............................... .................... ............... . .. 10-8
Answers to Mercator Problems. . ............................................................................................... 10-9
CHAPTER 11
Maps and Charts - Lambert's Conformal
Introduction ........................ .................... ................ ............... .......... . ............................................... 11-1
Conical Projection .................................................................................................................................. 11-1
1/6 Rule..................... .......................... ............................ . ................................................. 11-3
Meridians and Parallels ........................................................................................................................ 11-3
Constant of the Cone................... ..... ...................................... . .......................... 11-4
Properties of the Lambert's Conformal.... .......................... . .............................................................. 11-4
Plotting on a Lambert's Conformal Chart ........ ...... ......... ....... .. .................. ............................... .. ..... 11-5
Summary of Plotting of Bearings.. .................... .... .................................. .......................... .. .. 11-7
Lambert's Problems ............................................................................................................................... 11-7
Answers to Lambert's Problems.. ............................. ............................. .. ........ 11-8
CHAPTER 12
Maps and Charts - Polar Stereographic
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 12-1
Shapes and Areas .................................................................................................... 12-2
Great Circle... ....................... .. ................................................ 12-2
Rhumb Line.............. ...... ....................... .... ........... .............. ............ ............ .................................. .. .. 12-2
Convergence ........ ........ .. ...... .................. ........ ............... ...................................... ... 12-2
S~e.. .............................................................. .................1~
Uses of the Polar Stereographic Chart ................................................................................................. 12-2
Grid and Plotting on a Polar Chart ......... ................................ .. ............................................... 12-3
Aircraft Heading ................ .............................. ............................ ..........................................12-6
Answers to Polar Stereographic Examples .......... ...................... ............ ..... .......... ............... 12-11
CHAPTER 13
Maps and Charts - Transverse and Oblique Mercator
Introduction. ............................ ............. ................. ... ................. .. 13-1
Transverse Mercator ....................... ................................... ........................................ . ... 13-1
Oblique Mercator. .................................................................................................................................. 13-3
x General Navigation
Table o/Contents
CHAPTER 14
Maps and Charts - Summary
Mercator .... .............................. . ................................................................................................... 14-1
Lambert's Conformal...... ............. .. ................................................................................ 14-1
Polar Stereographic.. ............. .. ................................................................. 14-2
Transverse Mercator. ..................... ............. ................ ............... ................... . ............................ 14-2
Oblique Mercator .... .................... .............. .................... ................. ................... .. ........................ 14-3
CHAPTER 15
Pilot Navigation Technique
Introduction ...... ....................... ............. .................. .............. .. ........................................ 15-1
The Need for Accurate Flying. . ............ .. .............................................. 15-1
Pre-Flight Planning .... .. ...................................................................... 15-1
Flight Planning Sequence ...... ............... .................. ....................... .. ............. 15-2
Aircraft Performance ... ............... ............... ............... .. ............................................. 15-2
Mental Dead Reckoning .......... .............. ................ ................... ................... .. ............. 15-2
Estimation of Track Error ................. .................. ................................. ....................... .. ... 15-3
Correction for Track Error ............... .............. . ........................... ....... 15-3
The 1 in 60 Rule ................ ........................ ..................................... ........................................ 15-3
Estimation of TAS. ... .......... ...... ...... ..... ........ . ........................................... 15-4
Chart Analysis and Chart Reading ............ .................. .................. .. ............................ 15-4
Chart Scale ....... ................. ............... ................... ....................... . ........................ 15-5
RelieL........... ......................... ............... ............... ..................... . ............................................ 15-5
Relative Values of Features .................................................................................................................. 15-5
Principles of Chart Reading .... .... ............. .................. ............... .. .................... 15-6
Direction .............. ................ .................. ............... ................ .. ........ 15-7
Distance ................... .................... .............. .................. .. ........................ 15-7
Anticipation of Landmarks ................ ............... .................. .................. ................ .................... ..15-7
Identification of Features ............................... ................. ................... .................... ... ................ .15-7
Fixing by Chart Reading .................. . .............. ................... .................... ................... . ..... 15-7
Chart Reading in Continuous Conditions.... ................... ...................... .. ... 15-8
Chart Reading at Unpredictable Intervals ................................................................................................. 15-8
Use of Radio Aids. .. ........... ................. .................. ................... .................... . .......... 15-8
ICAO Chart Symbols................ ............. ................. ................... .. ..................................... 15-9
CHAPTER 16
Relative Velocity
Introduction ....... ....... ....... ...... ............ ....... ......... ................... ................. ........ ........ .............. .. .. 16-1
Aircraft on the Same or Opposite Tracks ........................ .................. ................ .. ........ 16-1
Calculations ... ..................... .................. ................... .................. .... ...................... . ............ 16-3
Meeting.. ................. .... .............. ................. ................ .......... 16-3
Overtaking.. . .......................................................................... 16-4
Speed Adjustment...... ......... .... .......... .. ......................... 16-5
Distance Between Beacons.. ............ ........ .................... .. .... .... ..... . .... 16-6
Graphical Solution for Calculating Relative Velocity... ................. .. ................ 16-7
General Navigation Xl
Table o/Conlenls
CHAPTER 17
Principles of Plotting
Introduction ............... . ............................... 17-1
Plotting Instruments . ................... ............... ............ . ............................... 17-1
Plotting Symbols ............... ... .... ..... ... ..................... . ............................... 17-1
The Track Plot .... ........ ................. ............. . ..................................................................................... 17-2
The Air Plot ........ ................ .......... .... ....... ....................... . ....................... 17-3
Restarting the Air Plot ........ .................................. . ....................... 17-4
Establishment of Position .... ..................... . ................................................................................ 17-4
DR Position ..... ....... ..... ........ ...... . ....................., 17-4
Track Plot Method......... .................... ...................... . .......................................................... 17-4
Air Plot Method.. ........................................... ................. .................... . ................ 17-5
Fixing......................... ... ....... .............. ... .................... . .............................. 17-5
Position Lines. ........................ . .............. ......................... .............................. ................ . ......... 17-5
Sources of Position Lines .... ............ ..................................... . ................... 17-5
Plotting an NOB Position Line.. ............................. ........................ . ........ 17-7
VORNDF Position Lines ...... . ............................................................................................................ 17-8
DME Position Lines.. . ........................................................................................................... 17-9
Uses of Position Lines............... ............................................. . ......................................................... 17-9
Checking Track ....... ....................... ........................................... ............................ . ..................... 17-9
Checking Groundspeed/ETA .... ....................... ........................................ . .................... 17-10
Fixing by Position Lines .................................................................................................................... 17-10
Transferring Position Lines .. ................. ........................ ................ . .................. 17-10
Radar Fixing .................... .............. .............. ......................... .............................. . ...... 17-15
Climb and Descent.................... ..................... . ................................................................... 17-15
Climb. ...................................... ............................... ............... ................... .. ....... 17-15
Descent ..................... .............. ................. . ............................................................. 17-16
Answers to Plotting Questions. ...................................... ............ ...... . .................... 17-19
CHAPTER 18
Time
Introduclion ............ ................... .............. ................................... . ............................... 18-1
The Universe........ ....... ... ... ..................... ..... ... ........ ....................... ............... . ..... 18-1
Definition of Time .................. .............................. . .................................................................... 18-2
Perihelion ... ... ............... ................................... ...................................... ....... ............ . ....... 18-2
Aphelion................. .................... ........ ........ ................ .... ..................... ............. ............... . ...... 18-2
Seasons of the Year ................... ........................................... ..................... ............... .................... 18-3
The Day................... .... ..... ........... ......... ........ .. ..... ...... ........... ... ................... . ................ 18-3
The Apparent Solar Day.. ..... ... ........ .......................... ..... ..... ............. . ......... 18-4
The Mean Sun ....................... . ............................................................ ......... 18-4
The Mean Solar Day..... ................. ...... ........ ........ .. ........................................................................ 18-4
The Civil Day ............... ..................... ................ .................... . ..................... 18-4
The Year.. ....................... ............. ..................................... . ........................ 18-4
Local Mean Time (LMT) .. . .................................................................... 18-5
Universal Co-Ordinated Time (UTC) ....... ...... ............... ...... ................... ... ... ........ .... .... . ................ 18-6
Conversion of LMT to UTC . .................... .... .... ................... ....................... . .......... 18-6
Standard Time ............. ...................... . ..................................................................... 18-7
International Date Line ........................................................................................................................... 18-7
Risings, Settings and Twilight ....... .................................... .. ............................................................... 18-9
Times of Visible Sunrise and Sunset.. ................................ ............................. .................... . ........ 18-9
Twilight... ............................. .................. ............................... . ....... 18-9
Duration of Civil Twilight .................................................................................................................... 18-10
XII General Navigation
Table ojCotllel1ls
CHAPTER 19
Point of Equal Time and Point of Safe Return and Radius of Action
Introduction. .. .... ....... ... ................. .. ........................... 19-1
Point of Equal Time.. ...................... ....... ............ .... .. ........ .. ............................... 19-1
PET Formula ....... ....................... .............. .................. ................. ................ .. ................... 19-1
Engine Failure PET .................... .............. ................ ..................... .. ............. 19-3
Multi-Leg PET .. ...................... ...... ............ .................. ................ .. ............... 19-4
Two Leg PET .......... .. ....... ..................................................................................................... 19-4
Three Leg PET.. .................. ....... ...... ......... ....... .. .... 19-6
Point of Safe Return............ ................ ................ ................. ................ .......................... ..19-7
Single Leg PSR.............. ................... ............. .................. ...................... ............... .. ...... 19-8
Multi-Leg PSR ............ .... ............... ................. ...................... .. .. 19-9
PSR wilh Variable Fuel Flow........... .................. ....................... .. ...................... 19-10
Multi-Leg PSR with Variable Fuel Flow...... .. ...................................................................... 19-11
Radius of Action ................. ................................ ................ .................. .................. .. ... 19-13
PET & PSR Answers. ................. ................. ................... ................... .. ....... 19-14
CHAPTER 20
Aircraft Magnetism
Principles of Magnetism ..... ...... ....... ......... ....... .................. .. .... .20-1
Magnetic Properties ............. ............... ................. .. .............................................................. 20-1
Magnelic Moment .............. ................... .. ... 20-2
Magnet in a Deflecting Field.. .................. .. ............................. 20-3
Period of a Suspended Magne!....... ............. ................... .............. .. ................... 20-4
Hard Iron and Soft Iron ....... .................. .................. .................. ..................... .. ....... 20-4
Terrestrial Magnetism.... .................. ................ .................. ............. ...20-4
Magnetic Variation ........ .............. .................... ..20-5
Magnetic Storms.... ..... ................................ .............. .. ........ 20-6
Magnetic Dip... ............. ............... .......................... .. ......... 20-6
Earth's Total Magnetic Force ................. . .......... . .................... ...20-7
Aircraft Magnetism.. .... ...................... ........ ..... .. ............ ..20-8
Types of Aircraft Magnetism .... ................ .................... .. .................. 20-8
Hard Iron Magnetism .......... ............... ................ ................. ................. .............. .. ... 20-8
Soft Iron Magnetism ..................... .............. ................ ................... ..................... .. ............ ...20-8
Components of Hard Iron Magnetism. ................ ................... ..................... .. ... 20-8
Components of Soft Iron Magnetism.. ................. ................... .................. ....................... .. .... 20-11
Determination of Deviation Coefficients ...... ............... .. ............... 20-12
Joint Airworthiness Requirements (JAR) Limits.... ................ .. .. 20-14
Compass Swing.... ..................... ................ ................. ................ .. ......... 20-15
Deviation Compensation Devices ........... .................. .................... ...................... . ......... 20-17
Mechanical Compensation... ................... ..................... ................ ...2 0-17
Electrical Compensation. ................... .. ................................ 20-18
General Navigation xiii
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