Jay and Ellsworth, The First Courts: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy (ABC-CLIO Supreme Court Handbooks)

326 Pages·2008·0.82 MB·English

by  Matthew P. Harrington

Jay and Ellsworth,
The First Courts
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ABC-CLIO SUPREME COURT HANDBOOKS
Jay and Ellsworth,
The First Courts
Justices,
Rulings, and
Legacy
Matthew P. Harrington
Universite de Montreal
ABC-CLIO
Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England
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Copyright © 2008 by ABC-CLIO
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani-
cal, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quota-
tions in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Harrington, Matthew P.
Jay and Ellsworth, the first courts : justices, rulings and legacy / Matthew P.
Harrington.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-57607-841-9 (hard copy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-57607-842-6 (ebook)
1. United States. Supreme Court—History 2. Constitutional law—United States.
3. Jay, John, 1745-1829. 4. Ellsworth, Oliver, 1745-1807. 5. Judges—United
States—Biography. I. Title.
KF8742.H368 2008
347.73'2609—dc22
2008009349
09 08 07 06 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
Series Foreword, xi
Preface, xv
1 The Supreme Court in the Early Republic, 1
Creating the Court, 2
What Kind of Court?, 4
Federal Court Jurisdiction, 4
The Ratification Debates, 7
The First Judiciary Act, 9
Opening for Business, 12
The Federalist Era, 14
Domestic Tensions and the Rise of Political Parties, 15
Foreign Relations, 19
The Alien and Sedition Acts, 25
The Election of 1800 and the End of an Era, 27
References and Further Reading, 29
2 The Justices, 31
George Washington’s Appointments, 31
Washington’s Selection Criteria, 31
The Justices, 33
John Jay (1789), 33
John Rutledge (1789), 39
William Cushing (1789), 45
Robert H. Harrison (1789), 48
John Blair, Jr., 49
James Wilson, 54
James Iredell (1789), 57
Thomas Johnson (1791), 59
vii
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viii
Contents
William Paterson (1793), 61
Samuel Chase (1796), 63
Oliver Ellsworth (1796), 66
John Adams Appointments, 68
Bushrod Washington (1798), 68
Alfred Moore (1799), 69
Nominations and Appointments, 71
References and Further Reading, 72
3 Cases and Controversies, 73
Securing Judicial Independence, 73
The Circuit Riding Controversy, 73
Advisory Opinions, 77
Judicial Review and the Separation of Powers, 82
Judicial Review of Federal Legislation, 84
Judicial Review of State Legislation, 89
Federal–State Relations, 97
Suits Against States, 98
Review of State Court Decisions, 116
Revenue and Commerce, 122
Protecting the Revenue: Whiskey Rebels and Fries’ Rebellion, 123
The American Law of Admiralty , 127
Foreign Relations, 130
The Great British Causes, 130
The Neutrality Controversy, 141
Jay’s Treaty and the Quasi-War, 149
Criminal Law, 156
The Common Law of Crimes, 156
The Alien and Sedition Acts, 161
References and Further Reading, 166
4 Legacy and Impact, 167
The Supreme Court’s Role in the New Frame of Government, 167
Advisory Opinions, 167
The Grand Jury and the Political Charge, 171
Judicial Review, 176
Judicial Review of State Legislation, 180
Judicial Review of Acts of Congress, 183
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ix
Contents
Federalism and State Sovereignty, 190
Suits Against States, 193
Conclusion, 200
References and Further Reading, 203
Selected Documents, 205
Key People, Laws, and Events, 225
Chronology, 257
List of Cases, 269
Glossary, 271
Annotated Bibliography, 287
Index, 297
About the Author, 309
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