Table Of ContentJapan's Foreign Policy
in the 1990s
From Economic Superpower to What Power?
Reinhard Drifte
ST ANTONY'S SERlES
General Editors: Archie Browli (1978-85), Rosemary Thorp (1985-92),
alld Alex Pravda (1992- ). oll Fellows 0/ Sr Alltony's Colfege, Oxford
Reetll' rirles illclude
Mark D. Alleyne
INTERNATIONAL POWER AND INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION
Daniel Bell, David Brown, Kanishka Jayasuryia and David Martin Jones
TQWARDS ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY IN PACIFIC ASfA
ludith M. Brown and Ros~mary Foot (editors)
MIGRATION: The Asian Experience
Sir Akc Caimcross
MANAGING THE BRITISH ECONOMY IN THE 19605: A Treasury
Peupeclive
Alex Danchev and Thomas Halverson (editors)
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTlVES ON THE YUGOSLAV CONFLICT
Anne Deighlon (editor)
BUILDING POSTWAR EUROPE: National Decision-maJcers and Europcan
Institutions, 1948-63
Simon Duke
THE NEW EUROPEAN SECURITY DISORDER
Y Hakan Erdern
SLAVERY IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ITS DEMISE, 1800-1909
10110 Carslo Espada
SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS: A Critiquc o( FA Hayek and Raymond
Plant
ChrislOph Gasscnschmidt
lEWISH LIBERAL POLiTICS IN TSARIST RUSSIA, 1900-14: The
Modemization oC Russian Jewry
Amit7.ur Han
THE ORIGIN OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI ARMS RACE: Anns, Embargo,
Military Power and Decision in the 1948 Palcstine War
Hiroshi Ishida
SOCIAL MOBILITY IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN
Auslen Ivereigh
CATHOUCISM AND POLITICS IN ARGENTINA, 1910-60
Leroy Jin
MONETARY POLICY AND THE DESIGN OF FlNANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
IN CHINA, 1978-90
MaUhew Jones
BRITAIN, THE UNITED STATES AND THE MEDITERRANEAN WAR,
1942-44
Anthony Kirk-Greene and Daniel Bach (edirors)
STATE AND SOCffiTY IN FRANCOPHONE AFRICA SINCB
INDEPENDENCE
Jaroslav Krejt{ and Pavel Machonin
CZECHOSLOVAKIA 1919-92: A Laboratory for Socia! Change
Leslie McLoughlin
IBN SAUO: Founder of a Kingdom
Rosalind Marsh
HISTORY AND LITERATURE IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA
David Nichol1s
THE PLURALIST STATE, 2nd edition: The Political Ideas of IN. Figgis and
his Contemporaries
1.1. Porket
UNEMPLOYMENT IN CAPITALlST, COMMUNIST AND POST
COMMUNIST ECONOMIES
CharIes Powell
JUAN CARLQS OF SPAIN: Self-made Monarch
Neil Renwick
JAPAN'S ALLIANCE POLmCS AND DEFENCE PRODUCTION
William 1. Tompson
KHRUSHCHEV: A Political Life
-Chrislopher Tremewan
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SOCIAL CONTROL IN SINGAPORE
Jennifer M. Welsh
EDMUND BURKE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: The
Commonwealth of Europe aod the Crusade against the French Revolution
Japan's Foreign Policy
in the 1990s
From Economic Superpower
to What Power?
Reinhard Drifte
I'ro/enor a/rd Chu;r 0/J apallcse Stur/ies tll1d
DireCfor 0/ thc Ncwcostle Eall Asia Cen/re
VniverS;I)' 0/ NCII'CQSlle
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Palgrave Macmillan
@ Reinhard Dri fie 1996
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This title is published in the St Antony's Series
General F..diwr: Alex Pravda
ISBN 978-0-333-73960-0 ISBN 978-0-230-37236-8 (eBook)
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To Collette
People in the future will probabty speak of Japan as a counlry thai once
enjoyed a strange, transient prosperily.
in Kosaka, Masalaka, 'Keizai pawa no jidai no genso' (The principles
of the economic power era). BUllgei Shunju (November 1990) 94-104.
Translaled in Japan Echo, vol. XVIII. no. 1 (1991), p. 13.
The point we need 10 make 10 our Japanese friends is thai their counlry
is being asked 10 change and bring under mutual mies only Ihose prac
tices that paJpably impinge on olhers in a globally interdependent age
- what Jobn Stuart Mill would have called 'olher-regarding' bchaviour
not to overtum their enlire herilage.
in Hall. Ivan P .. 'Samurai legacies, American illusions', in Natiollal
Interest (Summer 1992), p. 16.
If the Japanese cannot begin 10 see tess fllzzily where a1l Ihis is Hable
10 lead, nobody else seems likely 10 offer more dcpendable guidance.
in Sydney Giffard in a crilique of 'Visions of Japan' during the Japan
Festival in London 1991, The Pacific Review, vol. 5, no. 1 (1992),
p.79.
Contents
list o[ Tabfes viii
Preface ix
List o[ Abbreviations x
Introductlon
J The PoJitical and EconomJc Framework of Japan"
Foreign Policy 15
Introduction 15
The Actars 16
Ideologieal and Behavioural Factors 25
Thc Importance of Being Rieh 29
Is the Japancse 'System' CompatibJe with Olher Countries7 39
Conclusions 48
2 The International Environment and Japan's Hard Power 49
Introduction 49
Changes in the Strategie Environment 49
Japan's Military Power 72
Conclusions 84
3 The Use of Soft Power In Japan's Forelgn Rel.lloos 87
Introduclion 87
Influencing the Rules of International Economic InteraClions 88
From Foreign Investor 10 Economic Model 97
Aid Giving: Tbc Japanese Way 110
Japan in International Organizations 128
Conclusions 143
4 Japan as a CulturaI Supe:rpower? 144
Introduction 144
Cultural Diplomacy 145
Is Japan becoming Asian or Asia becorning Japanese or Both
becoming Western? 151
Conclusions 160
Conclusions 162
Notes 169
Index 193
vii
List of Tables
1.I International comparison of staff in ministries of foreign
affairs 23
3.1 Japanese manufacturers' direct overseas investment (in $
million) 102
3.2 UN and PKO contribution!> 135
viii
Preface
This book has been planned since 1987 when the Volkswagen Foundation
gave me a Visiting Fellow scholarship al SI Antony's College in Oxford.
First Ihanks have therefore 10 go 10 thc two institutions for their support.
Due 10 private and professional circumSlAnces, the outcome of the fellowship
was not the 'big' book I had planned but a smaller volume for the Royal
Institute of International Affairs in London. As Professor of Japanese Studies
al the University of Newcastle and concurrently Director of the East Asia
Centre I faund it very difficull 10 find time for research, but sabbatical
leaves in 1992 aod in 1995 finally allowed me 10 finish the project. For the
1992 sabbaticalleave, tbanks have 10 go 10 the lapanese-Gennan Center
in Berlin which gave me a three-month scholarship for research in Japan
and 10 my host institution, the Institute of International Relations of Sophia
University in Tokyo. I am particularly indebted 10 Professor Royama
Michio, then Direclor of the Institute, for taking me on as Visiting Fellow
and ror giving me valuable comments.
The Department of Politics of the University of Newcastle gave me
special leave in 1995 10 finish the book although university maUers kept
infringing on my time and concentration while the deadline imposed by
the 'Research Assessment Exercise' eame eloser. I am graleful to Simon
Brackenbury, a posl-graduale student of the Department, ror having helped
me with the notes and the bibliography, and 10 Anita Tibbs, my secretary,
for help with photocopying and getting books. Dr James Babb, Lecturer for
Japanese Politics in the Departmenl, gave rne some valuable advice about
the structuring of the book. Thanks has also to go 10 Professor Tanaka
Akihiko of Tokyo UniversilY for commenling on an earlier draft. Last but
by no means least, thanks to my wife who proofread the final draft aod pUl
up with the antics of a writing husband.
RI!INHARD DRIFTE
