Japanese Imperialism 1894-1945

294 Pages·1991·14.855 MB·English

by  W.G. Beasley

JAPANESE IMPERIALISM 1894-1945
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JAPANESE
I M P E R I A L I SM
1894-1945
W. G. BEASLEY
CLARENDON PRESS • OXFORD
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
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ISBN 978-0-19-822168-5
16
Printed in Great Britain
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PREFACE
WHILE collecting material for this book I have received valuable
advice from many scholars. I would like to thank in particular
Professor Iwao Seiichi, Professor Oka Yoshitake, and Professor
Hosoya Chihiro. The staff of the Japanese Foreign Ministry
Archives (Gaiko Shiryokan) have always been exceptionally
helpful whenever I have had occasion to consult the records in
their care. In London I owe many debts of gratitude to former
colleagues and students at the School of Oriental and African
Studies, especially to Mr Brian Hickman of the School's
Library. The School has on several occasions contributed to the
cost of my research visits to Japan. So did the British Academy
(Leverhulme Visiting Professorship) and the Japan Foundation.
To them all I express my thanks.
W. G. B.
London, 1985
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CONTENTS
List of Maps ix
List of Tables ix
Note on Personal Names, Place-names, Transliteration,
and Abbreviations X
1. Introduction: Explanations of Imperialism i
2. The Treaty Port System and Japan H
The nature of the treaty pan system 14
The treaty port system in Japan 20
3. Modernization and Imperialism
27
Japanese responses to the West
27
Wealth and strength 34
4. Intervention in Korea, 1894-1895 4i
Japan and Korea before the Sino-Japanese War 42
Japanese policy in Korea, 1894-1895 48
5. The Peace Settlement with China, 1894-1896 55
Liaotung and Taiwan 56
The commercial provisions 60
6. New Imperialism and the War with Russia,
1895-1905 69
Spheres of influence: Korea andFukien 7i
The conflict with Russia 78
7. Formal and Informal Empire in North-east
Asia, 1905-1910 85
The annexation of Korea 86
Japan 's sphere of influence in Manchuria 90
8. Chinese Revolution and World War
101
The Chinese Revolution and the powers 102
viii Contents
The Twenty -one Demands 1 08
The origins of co-prosperity US
9. Overseas Trade and Investment, 1895-1930 122
Foreign trade and colonial trade 123
Foreign investment 132
10. Japan's Territorial Dependencies, 1895-1930 142
Colonial government and society
143
Colonial economies 149
11. The Treaty Port System in Jeopardy, 1918-1931
156
Japan and the Russian Revolution 158
Japan and the treaty powers I6
3
169
Japan and Chinese nationalism
12. The Making of Manchukuo, 1931-1932 175
176
Nationalism and militarism
182
Japan and Manchuria before 1930
The Manchurian Incident 1 88
Manchukuo 194
13. Japan's New Order in North-east Asia 198
The advance into China 199
The New Order 203
The industrial heartland 2IO
14. Advance to the South 22O
South-east Asia and economic self-sufficiency 222
15. The Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere
233
Political structures 233
Ideology and economics
243
16. Conclusion: The Nature of Japanese Imperialism
251
Bibliography
259
Index 271
LIST OF MAPS
1. East and South-east Asia xii
2. Korea and Manchuria xiv
LIST OF TABLES
i. Japan's foreign trade 1890-1929: imports and exports 125
2. Japan's foreign trade 1890—1929: percentage shares by
commodity groups 126
3. Japan's foreign trade 1890-1929: percentage shares by
countries 127
4. Japan's colonial trade 1895-1929: percentage shares of
total foreign trade by territories 131
5. Foreign investment in China 1902-1931: distribution by
countries 133
6. Japanese and other foreign investment in China, 1914 138
7. Japanese and other foreign investment in China, 1930 140
8. Japan's colonial and mainland trade, 1929 and 1931 189
9. Japan's foreign trade 1925-1939: percentage shares by
countries 211
10. Japanese investment in China and Manchuria, 1931-1944
215