Japan and world trade: A comparative analysis of Japan’s pre-war, post-war trade, including a history of that trade

253 Pages·011.524 MB·English

by  Shilling, Leland E

JAPAN AND WORLD TRADE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
OF JAPAN'S PRE-WAR, POST-WAR TRADE,
INCLUDING A HISTORY OF THAT TRADE
A Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Commerce
The University of Southern California
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Business Administration
by
Leland E. Shilling
June 1950
UMI Number: EP43274
All rights reserved
INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript
and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed,
a note will indicate the deletion.
UMI'
Dissartsfton Pubiiahing
UMI EP43274
Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author.
Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
All rights reserved. This work is protected against
unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code
ProQuest LLC.
789 East Eisenhower Parkway
P.O. Box 1346
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346
/H M '-6'0
c,osm.
This thesis, written by
Le lancl__E*.__SM ...........
under the guidance of hXs... Faculty Committee,
and approved by all its members, has been
presented to and accepted by the Council on
Graduate Study and Research in partial fulfill­
ment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Business Administration
H. J. Deuel. Jr.
Dean
e_ 19.50
Faculty Committee
Chairman
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED . . 1
The problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Statement of the problem , * ........... 1
Importance of the study . . ......... 2
Definitions of terms used .............. . 3
Organization and review of the paper . . . 3
II. EARLY HISTORY................................ k
15^2-1638 ‘I*-
Early visits by Europeans ............ k
Bitter Porguguese-Spanish rivalry in
Japan 6
Hideyoshi's Edict, July 25, 158? . . . . 8
Spaniards expelled in .l62ty............. 9
Complete seclusion . ................... 10
Dutch trade-life on Deshima * ........... 12
III. TWO HUNDRED YEARS OF SECLUSION............. 15
Business life in the secluded state . . . 15
Economy of rice . .......... 15
Rise of merchant c l a s s ................. 17
Importance of- this history............. 19
Dutch influences......................... 20
Dutch teach Japanese Western learning . 20
Ill
CHAPTER PAGE
IV. THE OPENING OF J A P A N ..................... 22
Commodore Perry's visit ............... 22
Reasons for opening Japan . . . . . . 22
The actual opening............ 23
Japan's position in world trade . . . . 2k
No foreign trading contacts ......... 2k
Japan's two problems................. 25
The "gunboat policy"................. 26
Stirring of Japan ................... 27
V. THE EMERGENCE OF JAPAN AS A MODERN STATE . 30
Building of the state ................. 30
Methods u s e d ..................... 30
Removing foreign Influence in commerce. 31
Periods of development . .......... . 3k
Expansion by diplomacy, force, and
economics ................. . . . . . 3k
Japan's first period in foreign trade
(1868-1886)......................... 37
The second period (1886-1900) . . . . 38
The distribution of Japan's export-
lmport trade up to 1900 50
JL900-I913 57
1913-1921 . . . . . . 79
iv
CHAPTER PAGE
World War I ....................., . . . . 79
1921-1930♦ Continued growth of
Japan*s forelgn trade ............... 95
Power of the Zalhatsu................. . 98
VII. THE THIRTIES: JAPAN‘S GOLDEN AGE OF
FOREIGN TRADE . . ...................... 105
Foreign commerce with trader-territorles . 105
Korea and Formosa as sources of raw
materials.......................... 105
Change in nature of Japan*s foreign
commerce.......... * ................... 112
Shift to countries supplying raw mater-
: ials . . ........................ 112
The beginning of Japan's loss of trader-
terrltories ....................... 114
A discussion of Japan's geographical
areas of trade ..................... 120
World-wide feeling runs against Japan . . 140
Pre-war years 1937-1939 ................... 3A5
VIII. CONDITION OF JAPAN AT WAR'S END .......... 160
Japanese industry at a standstill . . . . 160
Japan's downfall ....................... 162
IX. TRACING THE POST-WAR T R A D E .............. 167
1945-19^6.............................. 167
CHAPTER PAGE
Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Exports-Importe for 1 9 4 6 ............ 173
Exports .......................... 178
Summary of 1946 . 185
1 9 ^ 7 ...................................... 188
Imports . ......................... 194
Exports .......................... 200
Summary of 1947 206
January-August 1948 . 208
Post-war summary . . . . . ........... 213
Food Imports........................... 213
Textile raw material imports . . . . . 215
Other imports . .................. 216
Exports................................ 218
Trader-territories ..................... 223
X. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...................... 231
Summary ................................ 231
Conclusions ................... • . . . 236
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................... 238
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
I. A. Foreign Trade of Japan ......... kZ
B. Exports of Domestic Produce in 1897* 42
II. Percentage of Tonnage of Japanese and
Foreign Vessels Entering Ports of
Japan ..................... 49
III. Percentage of Total Exports and Imports. 51
IV. Value of Exports from Japan to Asiatic
Countries.......... 55 -
V. Total Foreign Trade of Japan and the
United States 1900-1910 62
VI. Total Foreign Trade of Japan and of
the United States — 1911-1915 * * * 65
VII. Japan's Foreign Trade in 1913 by Regions
and Countries of Origin and
Destination....................' . . . 68
VIII. Trade by Regions, 1897-1907-1913 * * • 70
IX. Trade with Certain Countries — 18970
1907-1913 ............. . . . . . . . 71
X. A. Import Trade by Regions — 1897-
1907-1913 73
B. Export Trade by Regions ........... 73
XI. Import^ and Exports from Certain
Countries, 1897, 1907» 1913 . . . . 75
vii
TABLE PAGE
XII. Imports and Exports by Classes of
Commodities, 1907-1913 ............... 78
XIII. A. Import Trade by Region and Countries,
1897, 1907, 1913 .......... 80
B. Export Trad.e by Region and Countries,
1897, 1907, 1913 82
XIY. Total Trade, Imports and Exports
Annual Averages for Decades 1870-1919* 84
XV. Yearly Per Cent of Increase or Decrease
(-) of Japan's Trade Compared with
1913 86
XVI. Japan's Total Foreign Trade by Regions . 88
XVII. A. Comparison of Japan's Total with
Certain Countries for Selected Years . 91
B. Comparison of Japan's Total with
Certain Countries for Selected Years . 93
XVIII. Distribution of T r a d e ................. 97
XIX. Comparative Yearly Figures on Selected
Industries . ....................... 101
XX. Foreign Trade of Japan Proper . . . . . 103
XXI. Foreign Trade of Japanese Empire Since
1889 107
XXII. Trade of Japan Proper with Dependencies. 109
vlii
TABLE PAGE
XXIII. Trade of Japan Proper with Chosen and
Taiwan by Principal Articles . . . . Ill
XXIV. Distribution and Development of Foreign
Trade by Continents . . . . . . . . . 115
XXV. Trade Distribution by Political Units '. 116 ■
XXVI* Trade Distribution by Agricultural and
Industrial Countries . ............. 119
XXVII. Japanese Trade with China (Excluding
Manchuria)....................... 122
XXVIII. Japanese Exports to China by Principal
Articles . . ..................... 123
XXIX. Japanese Trade with Manchukuo (Including
Leased Territory) . . . . ................ 125
XXX. Japanese Trade with South Asia . . . . 128
XXXI. Japanese Trade with Oceania . . . . . . 131
XXXII. Japanese Trade with the United States . 133
XXXIII. Japanese Exports to and Imports from
the United States by Principal
Articles................................. 136
XXXIV. Classified Japanese Export Goods under
the Restrictions Taken by Countries . 1^2
XXXV. A. Foreign Trade of Japan (Exports) . 152
B. Foreign Trade of Japan (Imports) . 153