Table Of Content

Japan and Natural Disasters Japan and Natural Disasters Prevention and Risk Management Jean-François Heimburger First published 2018 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030 UK USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2018 The rights of Jean-François Heimburger to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2018951290 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-370-7 Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Part 1. Hazards, Risks and Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1. From Hazard to Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Hazard, vulnerability and risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2. Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Chapter 2. Earth and Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1. Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1. Japan, principal seismic country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.2. The effects of earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2. Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.1. Japan, principal volcanic country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.2. Volcanic risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.3. The benefits of volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Chapter 3. Air and Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.1. Strong winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.1.1. Typhoons, spring winds and tornados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.1.2. Risks related to wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.1.3. The benefits of wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 vi Japan and Natural Disasters 3.2. Rainfall and snowfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2.1. Intense rains and flood risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2.2. Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.3. Heat waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.3.1. The heat island phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.3.2. Damage related to heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Part 2. Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Chapter 4. Disaster Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.1. Concepts related to disaster prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.2. Laws, plans and budgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.3. Business continuity plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Chapter 5. Risk Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5.1. Hazard-proof buildings and residences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5.1.1. In modern Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5.1.2. The present day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 5.2. Securing critical infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.2.1. A predominantly overhead electrical grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.2.2. The gas distribution network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.2.3. A water distribution system that is difficult to replace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 5.2.4. Securing shinkansen high-speed lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 5.3. The battle against fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.3.1. A variable risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.3.2. Tokyo: a giant tinderbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.3.3. Taking into account the risk of factory fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.4. The fight against flooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.4.1. The fight against coastal flooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.4.2. The fight against flood rains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5.5. The fight against mass movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.6. The fight against heat islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.7. The safety of nuclear power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.7.1. Establishing new regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.7.2. Confronting volcanic eruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.7.3. Facing earthquake shocks and tsunamis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.7.4. Facing heavy rains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Contents vii Chapter 6. Disaster Preparedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 6.1. Prevention maps and signage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6.2. Protection measures and storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6.3. Training, exercises and commemorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 6.3.1. School education on disaster prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 6.3.2. Education on disaster prevention for everyone . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 6.3.3. Commemorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.4. Risk awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 6.4.1. Among Japanese people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 6.4.2. Among foreigners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Chapter 7. Prediction, Monitoring, Warning and Preventive Evacuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 7.1. Long-term forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 7.1.1. Forecasting earthquakes: an impossible dream? . . . . . . . . . . . 91 7.1.2. Eruptions: limited forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 7.1.3. The long-term forecasting of meteorological phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 7.2. Monitoring and short-term forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 7.2.1. Meteorological monitoring and forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 7.2.2. Monitoring waterways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 7.2.3. Monitoring mass movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.2.4. The detection of seismic and tsunami waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.2.5. Monitoring volcanic activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 7.3. Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 7.3.1. Earthquake warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 7.3.2. Tsunami warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 7.3.3. Warning in case of volcanic eruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 7.3.4. Warnings in case of meteorological phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 7.3.5. The new emergency warning system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 7.4. Preventive evacuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.4.1. Before a violent earthquake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.4.2. Hesitation to evacuate after a violent earthquake in anticipation of tsunami or a fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 7.4.3. In case of risk of intense rainfall: to evacuate or not to evacuate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 7.4.4. Evacuating in the face of volcanic dangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.4.5. People requiring special attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 7.4.6. Relocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 viii Japan and Natural Disasters Part 3. Disaster Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Chapter 8. Crisis Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 8.1. Mobilization of the authorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 8.1.1. Crisis management centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 8.1.2. Mobilization of rescue teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 8.1.3. Management of dead bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 8.2. Mobilization of residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 8.2.1. Neighborhood communities and local associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 8.2.2. The actions of volunteers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 8.3. The circulation of information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 8.3.1. Social networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 8.3.2. Rumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8.3.3. Media coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 8.4. Evacuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 8.4.1. The initial period in the evacuation centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 8.4.2. Mental health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 8.4.3. Temporary care of non-residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Chapter 9. Restoration and Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 9.1. Rebuilding the lives of disaster victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 9.1.1. Life in evacuation centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 9.1.2. Security in devastated areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 9.1.3. Settlement in temporary housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 9.1.4. Prolonged stays in temporary housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 9.1.5. Financial tools for reconstructing the lives of disaster victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 9.1.6. Moral and psychological support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 9.2. Restoration and reconstruction of infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 9.2.1. Responsibilities and financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 9.2.2. Waste management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 9.2.3. Restoration of vital infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 9.2.4. Restoration of public institutions: the example of schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 9.2.5. Restoration of businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 9.2.6. Managing reconstruction costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 9.3. Demographic and economic development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 9.4. Political consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 9.5. Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

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Japan is one of those countries most often affected by powerful natural hazards: earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, heavy rains, heavy snowfall, tornadoes, etc. The Archipelago is considered a very advanced country in terms of forecasting, prevention and management of natural disas
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