jaladhar gorain

119 Pages·2017·6.16 MB·English

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Studies on integrated weed
management practices in transplanted
paddy (Oryza sativa L.) under terai
zone of West Bengal

A Thesis
Submitted to the
Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Degree
Of Master of Science (Agriculture)

By

JALADHAR GORAIN

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

UTTAR BANGA KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAYA
PUNDIBARI, COOCH BEHAR, WEST BENGAL-736165
2017
Studies on integrated weed management practices
in transplanted paddy (Oryza sativa L.) under terai
zone of West Bengal

A thesis
submitted to the Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science (Agriculture)

In

AGRONOMY

By

Jaladhar Gorain

WHERE WISDOM IS FREE

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

Faculty of Agriculture

UTTAR BANGA KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAYA
Pundibari, Cooch Beha r, West Bengal-736165
2017
Dedi cated

To My

Beloved Parents
UTTAR BANGA KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAYA

Regional Research Station, Terai Zone,

P.O. Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal - 736165, India

From:
Dr. Parthendu Poddar
Assistant Professor (Senior Scale),
Agronomy

WHERE WISDOM IS FREE

Ref. No. ………………… Date ………………..
[
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work recorded in the thesis entitled “Studies
on integrated weed management practices in transplanted paddy (Oryza
sativa L.) under terai zone of West Bengal ” submitted by Mr. Jaladhar
Gorain in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science (Agriculture) in Agronomy to be conferred by Uttar Banga Krishi
Viswavidyalaya, is the faithful and bonafide research work carried out under
my personal supervision and guidance. The results of the investigation
reported in the thesis have not so far been submitted for any other Degree or
Diploma. The assistance and help received from various sources during the
course of investigation have been duly acknowledged.

(Dr. Parthendu Poddar)
Chairman
Advisory Committee
APPROVAL OF EXAMINERS FOR THE AWARD OF THE
DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE)
IN AGRONOMY

We, the undersigned, having been satisfied with the performance of Mr.
Jaladhar Gorain, in the Post-submission Seminar on Final Evaluation of thesis,
conducted today, the ……………………… 2017, recommend that the thesis be
accepted for the award of the degree of Master of Science (Agriculture) in
Agronomy.

Name Signature

1 Dr. P. Poddar
Assistant Professor (Senior Scale),

RRS (TZ), Agronomy
………………………………….
Chairman, Advisory Committee

2
External Examiner ………………………………….
3 Dr. P. S. Patra,
Assistant Professor,

RRS (TZ), Agronomy
………………………………….
Member, Advisory Committee

4 Dr. Tarun Paul
Assistant Professor,

Department of Agronomy,
………………………………….
Member, Advisory Committee
5 Dr. A. K. Sinha
Associate Professor & Head,

Department of Soil Science and
………………………………….
Agricultural Chemistry,
Member, Advisory Committee
6 Dr. A. Ghosh
Associate Professor,

RRS (TZ), Agril. Statistics
………………………………….
Member, Advisory Committee

7 Prof.(Dr.) Asok Saha
Professor and Head,
………………………………….
Department of Agronomy

8. Prof.(Dr.) Sateyendra Ch. Sarker
Dean, Post Graduate Studies
………………………………….

9. Prof.(Dr.) Tapan Kumar Hath
Dean, Faculty of Agriculture
………………………………….

[
Acknowledgement

I express my deepest sense of gratitude to my revered teacher Dr. Parthendu
Poddar, Assistant Professor (Senior Scale), RRS (TZ), Uttar Banga Krishi
Viswavidyalaya for suggesting the problem, excellent guidance, sustained interest and
constant encouragement through out the course of investigation and painstaking help
during the preparation of this manuscript.
It is pleasure on my part to acknowledge the debt I owe to Prof. Asok Saha,
Head, Department of Agronomy and Prof. T. K. Hath, Dean, Faculty of Agriculture,
Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar.

I am extremely grateful to the members of the Advisory Committee, Dr. P. S.
Patra, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agronomy; Dr. T. Paul, Assistant Professor, Dept.
of Agronomy; Dr. Arunava Ghosh, Associate Professor, RRS (TZ), Agril. Statistics and Dr.
A. K. Sinha, Associate Professor, Dept of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry for their
valuable suggestions, affection and blessing showered upon me which filled my heart with
hope and zeal and encouraged me to carry on the works.

A plethora of thanks is extended to Prof. A. K. Singha Roy, Dept. of Agronomy;
Dr. S. Bandyopadhyay, Associate Professor, Dept. of Agronomy & Dr. B. Mitra,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agronomy, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya.
It is great opportunity to express my gratitude to the Director of Farms, field
workers and staff of the farm section for their untiring efforts to carry out the field
experiment.
Sincere thanks are also extended to all the non-teaching staff of the Department of
Agronomy and Library staff for their help and cooperation during my study.
I cannot but admit that my words fail to express my cordial love and
unfathomable gratitude to Koushik da for his sincere cooperation during experimentation.

I express my sincere thanks to Mirjanur da, Hafijul da, Debasis da , Santonu da,
Anwesh da, Victor da, Soumitra da, Prantick, Nobarun, Urjoshi, Everest, Rajesh,
Shankar, Sumon, Samaresh, Navneet for their sincere co-operation during the period of my
experiment and writing of this manuscript.

Words fail to express my unfathomable gratitude and immense indebtedness to my
beloved parents, brothers and other members of my family who encouraged me with a smile
of love and waited patiently for the day I complete my M. Sc. Degree.

In thanking all these people, I must emphasize that I am fully responsible for any
shortcoming that remains.

Dated.............................,2017 ..................................
Pundibari, Cooch Behar. (Jaladhar Gorain)
C O N T E N T S
Sl. No. C H A P T E R Page No.
1. Introduction 1-6
2. Review of Literature 7-21
2.1 Weed menace in lowland transplanted rice field 7

2.2 Weed flora in transplanted rice field 8
2.3 Crop-weed competition 10
2.3.1 Critical period of crop-weed competition 10
2.3.2 Nature of crop-weed competition 11
2.3.2.1 Competition for nutrients 11
2.3.2.2 Competition for water 12
2.3.2.3 Competition for light 12
2.3.2.4 Competition for space 12
2.3.3 Effect of crop-weed competition on rice 13
2.4 Management of weeds in transplanted rice field 13
2.4.1 Cultural methods 14
2.4.2 Hand weeding 14
2.4.3 Mechanical weeding 15
2.4.4 Chemical weed management 16
2.4.4.1 Pretilachlor 16
2.4.4.2 Metsulfuron methyl 17
2.4.4.3 Bispyribac-sodium 17
2.4.4.4 Herbicide 2, 4-D (Sodium salt) 18
2.4.5 Integrated weed management 19
2.4.5.1 Economics of integrated weed management methods in 20
transplanted rice
3. M aterials and Methods 22-40
3.1 Experimental Site 22
3.2 Soil of the experimental site and its characteristics 22
3.2.1 Equipments 22
3.2.1.1 Electrical balance 22
3.2.1.2 Spectrophotometer 22
Sl. No. C H A P T E R Page No.
3.2.1.3 Flame photometer 22
3.2.1.4 pH meter 22
3.2.2 Soil pH 23
3.2.3 Total organic carbon 23
3.2.4 Available nitrogen 23
3.2.5 Available phosphorus 23
3.2.6 Available potassium 23
3.3 Agro-climatic condition of Terai zone 23
3.4 Meteorological features of the experimental site 24
3.4.1 Temperature 24
3.4.2 Relative humidity 24
3.4.3 Rainfall 25
3.4.4 Sunshine hours day-1 25
3.5 Cropping history of the experimental plot 25
3.6 Test crop and variety 28
3.7 Experimental details 28
3.7.1 Experimental design 28
3.7.2 Treatment details 28
3.8 Herbicide application 29
3.9 Agricultural operations followed during the experiment 31
3.9.1 Land preparation 31
3.9.2 Sowing of seed in seedbed 31
3.9.3 Preparation of layout 31
3.9.4 Fertilizer application 31
3.9.5 Transplanting of seedling in the main field 31
3.9.6 Sowing attributes 31
3.9.7 Intercultural operations as mandated in the treatments 31
3.9.7.1 Hand weeding 31
3.9.7.2 Paddy weeder 33
3.9.7.3 Herbicide application 33
3.9.8 Harvesting and threshing 33
3.10 Method of sampling and recording biometric observations 33
3.10.1 Growth attributes of rice 33
3.10.1.1 Plant height 33
3.10.1.2 Number of tillers per square meter 33
Sl. No. C H A P T E R Page No.
3.10.1.3 Dry matter accumulation 33
3.10.1.4 Crop growth rate (CGR) 34
3.10.1.5 Relative growth rate (RGR) 34
3.10.2 Method of phytotoxicity assessment 34
3.10.3 Yield components of rice 34
3.10.3.1 Number of panicles m-2 34
3.10.3.2 Length of panicle (cm) 35
3.10.3.3 Number of filled spikelets and unfilled spikelets panicle-1 35
3.10.3.4 Test weight (1000 grain weight) 35
3.10.4 Grain and straw yield of rice 35
3.10.4.1 Grain yield (t ha-1) 35
3.10.4.2 Straw yield (t ha-1) 35
3.10.4.3 Total dry matter yield (t ha-1) after harvest 35
3.10.4.4 Grain to straw ratio 35
3.10.4.5 Harvest Index (%) 35
3.11 Biometric observation on weeds 36
3.11.1 Weed flora composition (No. m-2) 36
3.11.2 Weed population (No. m-2) 36
3.11.3 Dry weight of weeds (gm m-2) 36
3.11.4 Weed control efficiency (WCE %) 37
3.11.5 Weed control index (WCI %) 37
3.11.6 Weed index (WI %) 37
3.12 Methods of statistical analysis 38
3.13 Method of economic analysis 38
3.13.1 Cost of Cultivation (Rs. ha-1) 38
3.13.2 Gross return (Rs. ha-1) 38
3.13.3 Net returns (Rs. ha-1) 38
3.13.4 Input - output ratio 38
4. Results and Discussion 41-72
4.1 Growth components of rice 41
42-73
4.1.1 Plant height (cm) 41
4.1.1.1 Plant height (cm) at 30 DAT 41
4.1.1.2 Plant height (cm) at 60 DAT 41
4.1.1.3 Plant height (cm) at 90 DAT 41