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JACARANDA NEW CONCEPTS IN
COMMERCE
NSW AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM | FOURTH EDITION
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“FMPrelims_print” — 2019/11/22 — 6:06 — page iii — #3
JACARANDA NEW CONCEPTS IN
COMMERCE
NSW AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM | FOURTH EDITION
STEPHEN CHAPMAN
MALCOLM FREAK
SENNIA STAHL
JOE ALVARO
GLENN BENNETT
NATASHA CRAIG
MICHAEL DOHERTY
ROSALINDA GALLINA
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Fourtheditionpublished2020by
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CONTENTS
Syllabustable............................................................................................................................................................................................................. ix
HowtousetheJacarandaNewConceptsinCommerceresourcesuite.............................................................................................. xii
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................................................................................. xv
CORE STUDY TOPICS 1
1
Consumer and financial decisions 3
1.1Overview.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2Thenatureofcommerce................................................................................................................................................................ 4
1.3Keyfactorsaffectingconsumerandfinancialdecisions...................................................................................................... 6
1.4Howindividualsmakeparticulardecisions............................................................................................................................... 9
1.5Choosingwheretobuy................................................................................................................................................................... 12
1.6Differentpaymentoptions.............................................................................................................................................................. 20
1.7SkillBuilder:Comparisonshoppinginvestigation.................................................................................................................. 27
1.8Consumerprotection....................................................................................................................................................................... 28
1.9Reasonsforandfeaturesofasimplecontract........................................................................................................................ 31
1.10Legalrightsandresponsibilitiesofconsumers....................................................................................................................... 34
1.11Organisationsthatprovideassistanceforconsumers.......................................................................................................... 37
1.12SkillBuilder:Questioningandresearch..................................................................................................................................... 40
1.13Processesofconsumerredress................................................................................................................................................... 41
1.14Financialmanagement.................................................................................................................................................................... 43
1.15Importanceoflong-termfinancialstrategies........................................................................................................................... 46
1.16Toolsandstrategiesforeffectivefinancialmanagement...................................................................................................... 49
1.17Optionsforaddressingfinancialdifficulty................................................................................................................................. 55
1.18Impactoftechnologyonconsumerdecisions......................................................................................................................... 58
1.19ThinkingBigresearchproject:Smartfinancialmanagement.......................................................................................... 60
1.20Review................................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
2
The economic and business environment 68
2.1Overview .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 68
2.2Thefive-sectorcircularflowmodel............................................................................................................................................. 69
2.3Theinterdependencebetweendifferentsectorsoftheeconomy..................................................................................... 72
2.4Thebusinesscycle........................................................................................................................................................................... 74
2.5Thepricemechanismandtheinteractionofdemandandsupplywithinamarket...................................................... 79
2.6SkillBuilder:Communicatinginformationintablesandgraphs........................................................................................ 85
2.7Whatisamarket?............................................................................................................................................................................. 87
2.8SkillBuilder:Contestinganddebatingideas........................................................................................................................... 90
2.9CustomarytradingpracticesofAboriginalPeoplesandTorresStraitIslanderPeoples............................................. 93
2.10Thereasonsforgovernmentinterventioninthemarket....................................................................................................... 95
2.11Differenttypesofbusinesses........................................................................................................................................................ 97
2.12Factorsinfluencingbusinessdecisions.....................................................................................................................................101
2.13Thecontributionofentrepreneurshipandinnovation............................................................................................................103
2.14Ethicaldecision-makingandcorporatesocialresponsibility..............................................................................................105
2.15ThinkingBigresearchproject:Pleasestopcalling............................................................................................................107
2.16Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................108
CONTENTS v
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3
Employment and work futures 112
3.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................112
3.2Workandwellbeing..........................................................................................................................................................................113
3.3Workplaceparticipants...................................................................................................................................................................118
3.4Typesofemploymentandworkarrangements.......................................................................................................................125
3.5Thenatureofwork...........................................................................................................................................................................131
3.6Patternsofemployment.................................................................................................................................................................134
3.7SkillBuilder:Analysisandinterpretationofdata....................................................................................................................143
3.8Rightsandresponsibilitiesintheworkplace............................................................................................................................145
3.9Responsibilitiestoworkersandthegovernment....................................................................................................................152
3.10Lawsrelatingtotheworkplace.....................................................................................................................................................158
3.11Anti-discriminationandunfairdismissal....................................................................................................................................160
3.12Resolvingdisputes...........................................................................................................................................................................163
3.13Currentissueswithinthescopeofemployment.....................................................................................................................166
3.14SkillBuilder:Analysisandinterpretationofgraphs...............................................................................................................170
3.15Employmentopportunities.............................................................................................................................................................174
3.16Differentpathwaysineducationandtraining...........................................................................................................................176
3.17SkillBuilder:Preparingarésumé................................................................................................................................................179
3.18Workinthefuture.............................................................................................................................................................................182
3.19ThinkingBigresearchproject:Workplaceevolutionpresentation................................................................................187
3.20Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................188
4
Law, society and political involvement 193
4.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................193
4.2Reasonsforlaws..............................................................................................................................................................................194
4.3Values,moralsandethics..............................................................................................................................................................196
4.4Australia’scourtsystem..................................................................................................................................................................198
4.5Theroleofcourtpersonnel............................................................................................................................................................203
4.6Theroleandselectionofjuries.....................................................................................................................................................205
4.7Howlawsaremade:commonlaw..............................................................................................................................................207
4.8Howlawsaremade:statutelaw..................................................................................................................................................210
4.9Howabillbecomesalaw..............................................................................................................................................................213
4.10Typesoflaw........................................................................................................................................................................................215
4.11Civillaw................................................................................................................................................................................................217
4.12Criminallaw........................................................................................................................................................................................220
4.13Customarylaw...................................................................................................................................................................................223
4.14Domesticversusinternationallaw...............................................................................................................................................225
4.15Accessingthelaw.............................................................................................................................................................................227
4.16SkillBuilder:Debatinganissue...................................................................................................................................................229
4.17Thethreelevelsofgovernment....................................................................................................................................................232
4.18Whydolawschange?.....................................................................................................................................................................235
4.19Politicalaction...................................................................................................................................................................................237
4.20Referendums......................................................................................................................................................................................240
4.21Participatinginthedemocraticprocess....................................................................................................................................243
4.22Votinginthedemocraticprocess................................................................................................................................................247
4.23Rightsandresponsibilitiesinthedemocraticprocess..........................................................................................................249
4.24Roleandfunctionofpoliticalparties..........................................................................................................................................252
4.25TheinnerworkingsofAustralia’sgovernment.........................................................................................................................254
4.26Separationofpowers......................................................................................................................................................................258
4.27SkillBuilder:Problemsolvinganddecisionmaking..............................................................................................................26 2
4.28ThinkingBigresearchproject:Makinglaws.........................................................................................................................264
4.29Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................265
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OPTION TOPICS 273
5
Our economy 275
5.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................275
5.2WaysofassessingtheperformanceoftheAustralianeconomy.......................................................................................276
5.3Governmentmacroeconomicpolicytools(monetarypolicy/fiscalpolicy)......................................................................286
5.4Governmentmicroeconomicpolicytools(trade,education,productivity)......................................................................293
5.5Economicgrowthrates...................................................................................................................................................................298
5.6Unemploymenttrends.....................................................................................................................................................................304
5.7Inflationratesandsustainabilityindexes...................................................................................................................................310
5.8SkillBuilder:Calculatinginflation................................................................................................................................................314
5.9Sustainabilityindexes......................................................................................................................................................................315
5.10SkillBuilder:SustainableDevelopmentGoals........................................................................................................................321
5.11InternationaltradeandtheAustralianeconomy.....................................................................................................................325
5.12TheinterdependenceofAustraliawithotherglobaleconomies........................................................................................334
5.13TheimpactofgovernmentonAustralia’sinternationaltrade..............................................................................................337
5.14GlobalinfluencesontheAustralianeconomyandtheinteractionsbetweentheinternationalanddomestic
businesscycles.................................................................................................................................................................................340
5.15ThinkingBigresearchproject:HowdoesAustraliameasureup?.................................................................................350
5.16Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................352
6
Investing 358
6.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................358
6.2Reasonsforinvesting......................................................................................................................................................................359
6.3Financingyourinvestment.............................................................................................................................................................361
6.4Rangeofinvestmentoptions........................................................................................................................................................365
6.5SkillBuilder:Readingasharemarketchart..............................................................................................................................368
6.6Ethicalinvestments..........................................................................................................................................................................371
6.7Therelationshipbetweenriskandreturn..................................................................................................................................373
6.8Factorsinfluencinganinvestmentportfolio..............................................................................................................................376
6.9Investmentplanning–maintainingrecordsandmonitoringinvestments.......................................................................380
6.10Managinginvestmentsandriskmitigation...............................................................................................................................383
6.11Theroleandresponsibilitiesofthefinancialservicesindustry...........................................................................................386
6.12ThinkingBigresearchproject:It’sariskybusiness...........................................................................................................391
6.13Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................393
7
Promoting and selling 397
7.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................397
7.2Thesellingprocess..........................................................................................................................................................................398
7.3Natureofproductpromotion........................................................................................................................................................403
7.4Targetingcustomers........................................................................................................................................................................411
7.5Legalandethicalissuesarisingfromparticularproductpromotion.................................................................................415
7.6Sellingtechniques............................................................................................................................................................................420
7.7Theeffectivenessofsellingtechniquesusedforaparticularproductorservice.........................................................424
7.8Factorsinfluencingcontemporarysellingtechniques...........................................................................................................427
7.9SkillBuilder:Questioningandresearch.....................................................................................................................................432
7.10ThinkingBigresearchproject:Hittingthetarget—multimediaadvertisingcampaign..........................................433
7.11Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................435
8
Running a business 439
8.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................439
8.2Beinganentrepreneur.....................................................................................................................................................................440
8.3SkillBuilder:Cost–benefitanalysis.............................................................................................................................................447
8.4Planningforsuccess.......................................................................................................................................................................451
8.5Keyfeaturesoforganisationalstructures..................................................................................................................................454
8.6Establishinganewbusinessorpurchasinganexistingbusiness.....................................................................................460
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8.7Businessoperations........................................................................................................................................................................468
8.8Maintainingfinancialrecords........................................................................................................................................................477
8.9ThinkingBigresearchproject:Pitchabusinessidea........................................................................................................486
8.10Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................488
9
Law in action 492
9.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................492
9.2Contactwiththelaw........................................................................................................................................................................493
9.3Contactwiththecriminallawandelementsofcrime............................................................................................................496
9.4Punishmentforacrime...................................................................................................................................................................499
9.5Contactwithcivillaw.......................................................................................................................................................................502
9.6Theimpactofcivilandcriminallawonyoungpeople...........................................................................................................505
9.7Rightsandresponsibilitiesofindividuals..................................................................................................................................507
9.8Theroleoflawenforcementagencies.......................................................................................................................................510
9.9Disputeresolutionoutsideofthecourts....................................................................................................................................513
9.10DisputeresolutioninAboriginalandTorresStraitIslandercommunities.........................................................................516
9.11DisputeresolutionbytheUnitedNations..................................................................................................................................519
9.12RightsandfreedomsintheDemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea...............................................................................522
9.13SkillBuilder:Groupconsensus....................................................................................................................................................525
9.14ThinkingBigresearchproject:Createabillofrights.........................................................................................................527
9.15Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................529
10
Travel 534
10.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................534
10.2Thenatureoftourism......................................................................................................................................................................535
10.3Planningatrip....................................................................................................................................................................................541
10.4Advantagesanddisadvantagesofvariousmeansoftravel................................................................................................548
10.5Travelplanningoptions...................................................................................................................................................................552
10.6Considerationswhenplanningatrip..........................................................................................................................................554
10.7Organisingapassportandvisa....................................................................................................................................................559
10.8Developinganitinerary...................................................................................................................................................................562
10.9Solvingproblemsrelatedtotravel...............................................................................................................................................569
10.10Currentissuesandimpactsoftravel..........................................................................................................................................572
10.11ThinkingBigresearchproject:Designa7-daycruiseadventure..................................................................................575
10.12Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................577
11
Towards independence 582
11.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................582
11.2Movingfromhome...........................................................................................................................................................................583
11.3Arrangingaccommodation............................................................................................................................................................587
11.4Accessinginformationavailablerelatingtoarrangingalease............................................................................................590
11.5Managingfinances...........................................................................................................................................................................596
11.6Managingfinances–insuranceoptions....................................................................................................................................601
11.7Majorpurchases...............................................................................................................................................................................604
11.8Optionsavailableforthepurchaseofmajoritems.................................................................................................................608
11.9SkillBuilder:Choosingamobilephoneplan...........................................................................................................................613
11.10Communityinvolvement.................................................................................................................................................................615
11.11SkillBuilder:Communicationandreflection............................................................................................................................620
11.12SkillBuilder:Deliveringanoralpresentation...........................................................................................................................621
11.13Currentissues....................................................................................................................................................................................623
11.14ThinkingBigresearchproject:Designingawebsite..........................................................................................................625
11.15Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................626
Glossary.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................631
Index..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................641
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SYLLABUS TABLE
Topics Studentslearnabout: Sectionnumbers
Topic1Consumerand Thenatureofcommerce 1.2,Act1.2,Ex1.2
FinancialDecisions
Consumerandfinancial 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, Act 1.3, Ex 1.3, Act 1.4, Ex 1.4,
(Core1)
decisions Act 1.5, Ex 1.5, Act 1.6, Ex 1.6, Act 1.7, Ex 1.7, WS 1.2,
WS1.3,WS1.4,WS1.5,WS1.6,WS1.7,WS1.8
Consumerprotection 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, Act 1.8, Ex 1.8, Act 1.9,
Ex 1.9, Act 1.10, Ex 1.10, Act 1.11, Ex 1.11, Act 1.13,
Ex1.13,WS1.9,WS1.10,WS1.11
Financialmanagement 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.19, Act 1.14, Ex 1.14, Act 1.15,
Ex 1.15, Act 1.16, Ex 1.16, Act 1.17, Ex 1.17, Act 1.19,
Ex1.19,WS1.12,WS1.13
Currentissues 1.18,Act1.18,Ex1.18,WS1.14
(Casestudiesthroughoutthetopic)
Topic2TheEconomic Thenatureoftheeconomy 2.2, Act 2.2, Ex 2.2, WS 2.2, 2.3, Act 2.3, Ex 2.3, 2.4,
andBusiness Act2.4,Ex2.4,WS2.3,WS2.4
Environment(Core2)
Thenatureofmarketswithin 2.5, Act 2.5, Ex 2.5, 2.6, Act 2.6, WS 2.5, 2.7, Act 2.7,
theeconomy Ex 2.7, WS 2.6, 2.8, Act 2.8, 2.9, Act 2.9, Ex 2.9, 2.10,
Act2.10,Ex2.10,WS2.7
Interactionswithinmarkets 2.11, Act 2.11, Ex 2.11, WS 2.8, 2.12, Act 2.12, Ex 2.12,
2.13,Act2.13,Ex2.13,2.14,Act2.14,Ex2.14,WS2.9
Currentissues 2.14,Act2.14,Ex2.14,WS2.9
(Casestudiesthroughoutthetopic)
Topic3Employment Workandwellbeing 3.2,Act3.2,Ex3.2,WS2.2
andWorkFutures
Theworkplace 3.4, Act 3.4, Ex 3.4, WS 3.5, 3.5, Act 3.5, Ex 3.5, 3.6,
(Core3)
Act3.6,Ex3.6,WS3.6,3.7,Act3.7
Rightsandresponsibilities 3.3,Act3.3,Ex3.3,WS3.3,WS3.4,3.8,Act3.8,WS3.7,
intheworkplace 3.9,Act3.9,Ex3.9,WS3.8,3.10,3.10Act,3.10Ex,3.11,
Act3.11,Ex3.11,WS3.9,3.12,Act3.12,Ex3.12,WS3.10
Currentissues 3.13, Act 3.13, Ex 3.13, WS 3.11, 3.14, Act 3.14, 3.15,
Act3.15,Ex3.15,3.16,Act3.16,Ex3.16,WS3.12
3.17,Act3.173.18,Act3.18,Ex3.18,WS3.13
(Casestudiesthroughoutthetopic)
Topic4Law,Society Theroleandstructureofthe 4.2, Act 4.2, Ex 4.2, 4.3, Act 4.3, Ex 4.3, 4.4, Act 4.4,
andPolitical legalsystem Ex 4.4, WS 4.2, WS 4.3, 4.5, Ex 4.5, WS 4.4, WS 4.5,
Involvement(Core4) 4.6, Act 4.6, Ex 4.6, 4.7, Act 4.7, Ex 4.7, WS 4.6, 4.8,
Act 4.8, Ex 4.8, 4.9, Act 4.9, Ex 4.9, 4.10, Act 4.10,
Ex 4.10, WS 4.7, 4.11, Act 4.11, Ex 4.11, 4.12, Act 4.12,
Ex 4.12, WS 4.8, WS 4.9, 4.13, Act 4.13, Ex 4.13, 4.14,
Act 4.14, Ex 4.14, WS 4.10, 4.15, Ex 4.15, 4.16, 4.27,
Act4.17,Ex4.17,WS4.11
Lawreform,politicalaction 4.18,Act4.18,Ex4.18,4.19,Act4.19,Ex4.19,WS4.12,
anddecision-making 4.20,Act4.20,Ex4.20WS4.9
Participationinthe 4.21, Act 4.21, Ex 4.21, 4.22, Act 4.22, Ex 4.22, 4.23,
democraticprocess Act4.23,Ex4.23,WS4.13,4.24,Act4.24,Ex4.24,4.25,
Act4.25,Ex4.25,4.26,Act4.26,Ex4.26,WS4.14
Currentissues 4.15,Act4.15,Ex4.15,4.28
(Casestudiesthroughoutthetopic)
(continued)
SYLLABUSTABLE ix
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(continued)
Topics Studentslearnabout: Sectionnumbers
Topic5OurEconomy Performanceofthe 5.2,WS5.2,Act5.2,Ex5.2,5.3,WS5.3,Act5.3,Ex5.3,
(Option1) Australianeconomy 5.4,WS5.4,Act5.4,Ex5.4,5.5,WS5.5,Act5.5,Ex5.5,
5.6,WS5.6,Ex5.6,5.7,WS5.7,Ex5.7,5.8,Act5.8,5.9,
Act5.9,Ex5.9,5.10,Act5.10
Internationaltradeandthe 5.11, WS 5.8, Act 5.11, Ex 5.11, 5.12, Ex 5.12, 5.13,
Australianeconomy WS5.9,Act5.13,Ex5.13
Globalinfluencesonthe 5.14,Act5.14,Ex5.14,5.15
Australianeconomy
Currentissues (Casestudiesthroughoutthetopic)
Topic6Investing Reasonsforinvesting 6.2,Act6.2,Ex6.2,WS6.2,6.3,Act6.3,Ex6.3
(Option2)
Investmentoptions 6.4, Act 6.4, Ex 6.4, WS 6.3, 6.5, Act 6.5, 6.6, Act 6.6,
Ex 6.6, WS 6.4, WS 6.5, WS 6.6, WS 6.7, 6.7, Act 6.7,
Ex6.7,WS6.8,WS6.9
Investmentplanning 6.8, Act 6.8, Ex 6.8, 6.9, Act 6.9, Ex 6.9, WS 6.10, 6.10,
Act6.10,Ex6.10,6.12
Thefinancialservices 6.11,Act6.11,Ex6.11,WS6.11
industry
Currentissues (Casestudiesthroughoutthetopic)
Topic7Promotingand Thesellingprocess 7.2,Act7.2,Ex7.2,WS7.2,7.3,Act7.3,Ex7.3,WS7.3
Selling(Option3)
Targetingconsumers 7.4,Act7.4,Ex7.4,WS7.4,7.5,Act7.5,Ex7.5,WS7.5,
WS7.6,7.9,Act7.9,7.10
Sellingtechniques 7.6, Act 7.6, Ex 7.6, WS 7.7, 7.7, Ex 7.7, 7.8, Act 7.8,
Ex7.8,WS7.8
Currentissues 7.5,Act7.5,Ex7.5,WS7.5,WS7.6
Topic8Runninga Beinganentrepreneur 8.2,Act8.2,Ex8.2,WS8.2,WS8.3
Business(Option4)
Planningforsuccess 8.3,Act8.3,8.4,Act8.4,Ex8.4,8.5,Ex8.5,8.6,Act8.6,
Ex8.6,WS8.4,WS8.5
Businessoperations 8.7,Act8.7,Ex8.7,WS8.6
Maintainingfinancial 8.8,Act8.8,Ex8.8,WS8.7
records
Currentissues 8.9
(Casestudiesthroughoutthetopic)
Topic9LawinAction Contactwiththelaw 9.2, Ex 9.2, WS 9.2, 9.3, Ex 9.3, 9.4, Act 9.4, Ex 9.4,
(Option5) WS9.3,9.5,Act9.5,Ex9.5,9.6,Ex9.6,WS9.6
Rightsandresponsibilities 9.7,Act9.7,Ex9.7
ofindividuals
Resolvingdisputes 9.8,Act9.8,Ex9.8,WS9.5,9.9,Act9.9,Ex9.9,WS9.6,
9.10,Ex9.10
Currentissues 9.11, Act 9.11, Ex 9.11, WS 9.7, 9.12, Act 9.12, Ex 9.12,
9.13,9.14
(Casestudiesthroughoutthetopic)
(continued)
x SYLLABUSTABLE
