Table Of Content“FMPrelims_print” — 2019/9/17 — 18:38 — page i — #1
JACARANDA
1
CHEMISTRY
VCE UNITS 1 AND 2 | SECOND EDITION
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“FMPrelims_print” — 2019/9/17 — 18:38 — page iii — #3
JACARANDA
1
CHEMISTRY
VCE UNITS 1 AND 2 | SECOND EDITION
NEALE TAYLOR
ANGELA STUBBS
ROBERT STOKES
JASON WALLACE
MIRELA MATTHEWS
LAKSHMI SHARMA
SUE LISTON
NICOLE DOBSON
JENNIFER MOLONEY
MAIDA DERBOGOSIAN
SANTINA RAPHAEL
SHOLTO BOWEN
WAN NG
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Secondeditionpublished2020by
JohnWiley&SonsAustralia,Ltd
42McDougallStreet,Milton,Qld4064
Firsteditionpublished2016
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©NealeTaylor,AngelaStubbs,RobertStokes,JenniferMoloney,MaidaDerbogosian,SantinaRaphael,SholtoBowen,WanNg
2020
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2016
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CONTENTS
Aboutthisresource.................................................................................................................................................................................................. ix
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................................................................................. xi
UNIT1 HOW CAN THE DIVERSITY OF MATERIALS BE EXPLAINED? 1
AREAOFSTUDY1HOWCANKNOWLEDGEOFELEMENTSEXPLAINTHEPROPERTIESOFMATTER?
1
Elements 3
1.1Overview.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2Atomicstructure................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
1.3Representingatoms......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.4Electrons............................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
1.5Review................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
2
The periodic table 28
2.1Overview.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
2.2Organisationoftheperiodictable............................................................................................................................................... 29
2.3Patternsandtrendsintheperiodictable.................................................................................................................................. 32
2.4Review................................................................................................................................................................................................. 41
3
Metals 46
3.1Overview.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
3.2Propertiesofmetals......................................................................................................................................................................... 47
3.3Reactivityofmetals.......................................................................................................................................................................... 55
3.4Extractionofmetalfromitsore.................................................................................................................................................... 59
3.5Modifyingmetals.............................................................................................................................................................................. 63
3.6Metallicnanomaterials.................................................................................................................................................................... 67
3.7Review................................................................................................................................................................................................. 70
4
Ionic compounds 78
4.1Overview.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 78
4.2Structureandpropertiesofionicsubstances.......................................................................................................................... 79
4.3Ionicnomenclature........................................................................................................................................................................... 90
4.4Crystalformationandusesofioniccompounds.................................................................................................................... 96
4.5Review................................................................................................................................................................................................. 99
5
Quantifying atoms and compounds 106
5.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................106
5.2Relativeisotopicmassandthecarbon-12scale....................................................................................................................107
5.3Themole..............................................................................................................................................................................................113
5.4Determinationoftheempiricalformula......................................................................................................................................119
5.5Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................122
AREAOFSTUDY1REVIEW
Practiceexamination ...................................................................................................................................129
Practiceschool-assessedcoursework.............................................................................................................135
CONTENTS v
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AREAOFSTUDY2HOWCANTHEVERSATILITYOFNON-METALSBEEXPLAINED?
6
Materials from molecules 137
6.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................137
6.2Representingmolecules.................................................................................................................................................................138
6.3Predictingmolecularshape...........................................................................................................................................................147
6.4Explainingthepropertiesofmolecularsubstances...............................................................................................................156
6.5Therelativestrengthsofbondtypesinmolecularsubstances..........................................................................................161
6.6Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................166
7
Carbon lattices and carbon nanomaterials 173
7.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................173
7.2Covalentlatticebonding.................................................................................................................................................................174
7.3Carbonnanomaterials.....................................................................................................................................................................180
7.4Areviewofbonding.........................................................................................................................................................................184
7.5Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................190
8
Organic compounds 197
8.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................197
8.2Groupinghydrocarbonsintofamilies..........................................................................................................................................198
8.3Functionalgroups.............................................................................................................................................................................214
8.4Theoriginanduseofcrudeoil.....................................................................................................................................................225
8.5Determiningtheempiricalandmolecularformulasoforganiccompounds...................................................................228
8.6Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................234
9
Polymers 244
9.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................244
9.2Formationofpolymers....................................................................................................................................................................245
9.3Linearandcross-linkedpolymers...............................................................................................................................................250
9.4Polymerselection.............................................................................................................................................................................256
9.5Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................265
AREAOFSTUDY2REVIEW
Practiceexamination ...................................................................................................................................273
Practiceschool-assessedcoursework.............................................................................................................280
AREAOFSTUDY3RESEARCHINVESTIGATION
10
Research investigation 282
10.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................282
10.2Whatisaresearchinvestigation?................................................................................................................................................283
10.3Effectivesciencecommunication................................................................................................................................................288
10.4Thenatureofevidenceandinformation....................................................................................................................................292
10.5Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................297
UNIT2 WHAT MAKES WATER SUCH A UNIQUE CHEMICAL? 299
AREAOFSTUDY1HOWDOSUBSTANCESINTERACTWITHWATER?
11
Properties of water 301
11.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................301
11.2Intermolecularforcesinwater......................................................................................................................................................302
11.3Latentheatandspecificheatcapacity......................................................................................................................................308
11.4Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................313
vi CONTENTS
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12
Water as a solvent 318
12.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................318
12.2Solutionprocesses...........................................................................................................................................................................319
12.3Precipitationreactions....................................................................................................................................................................326
12.4Solventpropertiesofwaterinbiological,domesticorindustrialconcepts....................................................................332
12.5Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................333
13
Acid–base reactions in water 340
13.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................340
13.2Acidsandbases...............................................................................................................................................................................341
13.3Brønsted–Lowrytheoryofacidsandbases.............................................................................................................................344
13.4Concentratingonacidsandbases.............................................................................................................................................349
13.5pHandacidity...................................................................................................................................................................................353
13.6Reactionsofacids............................................................................................................................................................................364
13.7Acidsandtheenvironment............................................................................................................................................................371
13.8Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................373
14
Redox reactions in water 382
14.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................382
14.2Redoxreactionsandagents.........................................................................................................................................................383
14.3Oxidationnumbers...........................................................................................................................................................................392
14.4Reactivityseriesofmetals.............................................................................................................................................................397
14.5Corrosion.............................................................................................................................................................................................401
14.6Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................407
AREAOFSTUDY1REVIEW
Practiceexamination ...................................................................................................................................415
Practiceschool-assessedcoursework.............................................................................................................420
AREAOFSTUDY2HOWARESUBSTANCESINWATERMEASUREDANDANALYSED?
15
Water sample analysis 421
15.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................421
15.2Thestatesofwaterandsamplingprotocols............................................................................................................................422
15.3Chemicalcontaminants..................................................................................................................................................................428
15.4Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................433
16
Measurement of solubility and concentration 437
16.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................437
16.2Measuringsolubilityandtheuseofsolubilitycurves............................................................................................................438
16.3Solutionconcentration....................................................................................................................................................................449
16.4Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................461
17
Analysis for salts in water 467
17.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................467
17.2Chemicalanalysis.............................................................................................................................................................................468
17.3Thesourcesofsaltsinwater........................................................................................................................................................470
17.4Analyticalmethods...........................................................................................................................................................................473
17.5Desalination........................................................................................................................................................................................493
17.6Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................496
18
Analysis for organic compounds in water 505
18.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................505
18.2Organiccompoundsintheenvironment...................................................................................................................................506
18.3High-performanceliquidchromatography(HPLC).................................................................................................................510
18.4Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................516
CONTENTS vii
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19
Analysis for acids and bases in water 522
19.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................522
19.2Sourcesofacidsandbasesinwater..........................................................................................................................................523
19.3Solutionstoichiometry(volume–volumestoichiometry)........................................................................................................527
19.4Acid–basetitrations.........................................................................................................................................................................531
19.5Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................544
AREAOFSTUDY2REVIEW
Practiceexamination ...................................................................................................................................549
Practiceschool-assessedcoursework.............................................................................................................557
AREAOFSTUDY3PRACTICALINVESTIGATION
20
Practical investigation 558
20.1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................................................558
20.2KeyscienceskillsinChemistry....................................................................................................................................................559
20.3Conceptsspecifictoaninvestigation........................................................................................................................................569
20.4Scientificresearchmethodologiesandtechniques................................................................................................................574
20.5Ethics,healthandsafetyguidelines............................................................................................................................................586
20.6Methodsoforganising,analysingandevaluatingprimarydata.........................................................................................589
20.7Modelsandtheoriestounderstandobservedphenomena.................................................................................................602
20.8Natureofevidenceandkeyfindingsofinvestigations..........................................................................................................605
20.9Optionsandissuesrelatedtowaterquality.............................................................................................................................607
20.10Conventionsofscientificreportwritingandscientificposterpresentation....................................................................609
20.11Review.................................................................................................................................................................................................620
Answers........................................................................................................................................................................................................................630
Glossary.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................686
Index..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................696
Periodictableoftheelements..............................................................................................................................................................................706
viii CONTENTS
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ABOUT THIS RESOURCE
JacarandaChemistryhasbeenreimaginedtoprovidestudentsandteacherswiththemostcomprehensive
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• tailored exercise sets at the end of each sub-topic DigitaldocumentsKKeeyystecrimenscgelossksillasry(d—oc-T3o0p9ic032)(doc-30921)
• additional background information easily AH1ROEWACOAFNSKTNUODWYL1EDGEOFELEMENTSEXPLAINTHEPROPERTIESOFMATTER? 2Teox.aa2mccqesuseOskteioyrncgobnocaoekpnltestiu(dsmomca-a3rt0ie9is2o2a)n.ndpraoctifcetexhamequepstieonsrdioowndloaidcandtaprinbtthleestudyON:Revisionandpractice
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down into Key Concepts in each sub-topic. PPaSorRPauArcracCticecT:taIiVcClCwaAEloLiCrnkWhveieOsmsRatisicKgteraynAtStiNrotauDnldcyIloNoDgmVebEspoiSogoTnnkeI(G2na0Atn1Td6oI–OflT2eeN0aa2Sr1cn)hineexgrt-raalencdtdsva©isdVseCeoAssAs,m;areerpenrtoi.ndEcuxlcupedederdbimyinepnettrhmsisiastnsoidopniinc.vteosptirgoavtiidoenso,pspuoprptuonrtiteiedsbtyo TOPIC2Theperiodictable29
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