ITS Sensors and Architectures for Traffic Management and Connected Vehicles

543 Pages·2017·69.153 MB·English

by  Lawrence A. Klein

ITS Sensors and
Architectures for Traffic
Management and
Connected Vehicles

ITS Sensors and
Architectures for Traffic
Management and
Connected Vehicles
Lawrence A. Klein
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Klein, Lawrence A., author.
Title: ITS sensors and architectures for traffic management and connected
vehicles / Lawrence A. Klein.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017. | Includes
bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017007856| ISBN 9781138634077 | ISBN 9781315206905 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Vehicular ad hoc networks (Computer networks) | Intelligent
transportation systems--Equipment and supplies. | Sensor networks.
Classification: LCC TE228.37 .K445 2017 | DDC 388.3/120284--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017007856
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Contents
Preface xxi
Author xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Sensor applications to traffic management 2
1.2 Street types and functions 3
1.3 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 6
1.4 Chapter summary 6
References 10
2 Freeway traffic management centers 11
2.1 TMC benefits 11
2.2 Freeway TMC operational models, jurisdictions, and roles 11
2.2.1 Operational and business model 13
2.2.2 Urban area focus 14
2.2.3 Urban area and statewide focus 14
2.2.4 Multiregion or multistate focus 15
2.3 Collocation considerations 15
2.3.1 Concept of operations for collocation 16
2.3.2 Collocated center examples from the United States 16
2.3.2.1 Austin Combined Transportation,
Emergency and Communications Center 18
2.3.2.2 Virginia Public Safety and
Transportation Operations Center 18
2.3.2.3 Utah Department of Transportation and
Utah Highway Patrol Joint Center 19
2.3.2.4 Freeway and Arterial System of Transportation
Traffic Management Center 19
2.3.2.5 Minneapolis–St. Paul Regional
Transportation Management Center 19
2.3.2.6 Arizona Department of Transportation
Traffic Operations Center 19
2.4 Work stations and video display walls 20
vii
viii Contents
2.5 Physical and virtual attributes of a TMC 22
2.5.1 Physical attributes 22
2.5.2 Virtual attributes 23
2.6 Freeway management center systems and software 23
2.6.1 Operating systems 24
2.6.2 Software applications and interfaces 24
2.6.3 Connected vehicle impacts 25
2.7 Role of TMCs in supporting emergency management 26
2.7.1 Role of Transportation Management Centers
in Emergency Operations Guidebook 26
2.7.2 Information-Sharing Guidebook for Transportation Management
Centers, Emergency Operations Centers, and Fusion Centers 27
2.8 Future trends for TMCs 32
2.9 Summary 32
References 32
3 Sensor applications to ITS 35
3.1 Local isolated intersection control 35
3.1.1 Pretimed control 35
3.1.2 Actuated control 35
3.1.2.1 Presence-detecting microwave radar
sensor application to actuated control 37
3.1.2.2 Video detection system application to actuated control 38
3.2 Interconnected intersection control 38
3.2.1 Urban Traffic Control System 39
3.2.1.1 Volume plus weighted occupancy 40
3.2.1.2 Comparison and selection of UTCS plans 40
3.2.2 Critical intersection control 41
3.2.3 Other traffic adaptive control algorithms 41
3.3 Benefits of traffic adaptive signal control 45
3.4 Sensor placement for intersection control 46
3.5 Measures of effectiveness and data sources for
validating common operational objectives for adaptive
signal control and traditional signal timing 46
3.6 Red-light running vehicle detection 47
3.7 Travel time notification 48
3.8 Ramp metering 49
3.8.1 Ramp metering benefits 52
3.8.2 Minnesota Department of Transportation
evaluation of ramp metering benefits 52
3.8.3 Conditions under which to install ramp metering 54
3.8.4 Deployment challenges for ramp meters 54
3.9 Wrong-way vehicle detection 54
3.10 Incident detection 55
3.11 Active transportation and demand management 59
3.11.1 The active management cycle 59
Contents ix
3.11.2 ATDM strategies 61
3.11.3 Safety benefits of ATM 62
3.11.4 ATM tools 64
3.11.5 Open questions concerning ATDM 66
3.12 Traffic data collection 67
3.13 Conclusions 68
References 69
4 Sensor data requirements 73
4.1 Systems analysis approach to determining sensor specifications 73
4.2 Caltrans sensor specifications for real-time traffic management
operations, planning, and traveler information 75
4.3 Traffic parameter accuracies from FHWA
Detection Technology for IVHS Program 75
4.3.1 Data requirements for incident detection algorithms 80
4.3.2 Sensor specifications for future ITS applications 81
4.4 Surveys for determining sensor data requirements 85
4.5 Summary 90
References 90
5 Modern traffic flow sensor technologies 93
5.1 Inductive loop detector 93
5.1.1 Operation of inductive loops 95
5.1.2 Speed measurement using inductive loops 95
5.1.3 Vehicle classification using inductive loops 97
5.2 Magnetometer sensors 98
5.3 Magnetic detectors 99
5.4 Video detection systems 102
5.4.1 VDS image processing 103
5.4.2 Infrared VDS 105
5.4.3 General guidelines for installing VDS cameras 106
5.5 Microwave radar sensors 107
5.5.1 Presence-detecting microwave radar sensors 108
5.5.2 Doppler microwave sensors 108
5.5.3 Microwave radar operation 110
5.5.4 Types of transmitted waveforms 111
5.5.5 Range resolution 112
5.5.6 Range bins 112
5.6 Passive infrared sensors 113
5.6.1 Planck radiation law 115
5.6.2 Radiative transfer theory 116
5.6.3 Passive infrared sensor summary 117
5.7 Lidar sensors 118
5.8 Passive acoustic array sensors 119
5.9 Ultrasonic sensors 120