Isodual Theory of Antimatter: With Applications to Antigravity, Grand Unification and Cosmology

348 Pages·2006·1.83 MB·English

by  Ruggero Maria Santilli

Isodual Theory of Antimatter
Fundamental Theories of Physics
An International Book Series on The Fundamental Theories of Physics:
Their Clarification, Development and Application
Editor:
ALWYN VAN DER MERWE, University of Denver, U.S.A.
Editorial Advisory Board:
GIANCARLO GHIRARDI, University of Trieste, Italy
LAWRENCE P. HORWITZ, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON, University of Cambridge, U.K.
CLIVE KILMISTER, University of London, U.K.
PEKKAJ. LAHTI, University of Turku, Finland
FRANCO SELLERI, Università di Bara, Italy
TONYSUDBERY, University of York, U.K.
HANS-JÜRGEN TREDER, Zentralinstitut für Astrophysik der Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Germany
Volume151
Isodual Theory of
Antimatter
with applications to Antigravity,
Grand Unification
and Cosmology
by
Ruggero Maria Santilli
Institute for Basic Research, Palm Harbor, FL, U.S.A.
AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-4517-4 (HB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4517-2 (HB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-4518-2 (e-book)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4518-9 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2006 Springer
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
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and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed in the Netherlands.
This monograph is
dedicated to
Prof. M. C. Duffy,
University of
Sunderland, England,
because of his long
commitment to true
scientific democracy for
qualified inquiries.
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 THE SCIENTIFIC IMBALANCE CAUSED BY
ANTIMATTER 1
1.1.1 Needs for a Classical Theory of Antimatter 1
1.1.2 The Mathematical Origin of the Imbalance 2
1.1.3 Basic Assumptions of Isodual Mathematics 3
1.2 GUIDE TO THE MONOGRAPH 5
1.2.1 Consistency and Limitations of Special Relativity
and Quantum Mechanics 5
1.2.2 Outline of the Monograph 8
1.2.3 Literature on Isoduality 9
1.3 THE SCIENTIFIC IMBALANCE CAUSED BY
SPECIAL RELATIVITY AND QUANTUM
MECHANICS FOR MATTER AND ANTIMATTER 11
1.3.1 Foundations of the Imbalance 11
1.3.2 Limitations of Special Relativity and Quantum
Mechanics 14
1.3.3 Limitations of Conventional Mathematical and
Physical Methods 22
1.3.4 Inapplicability of the Galilean and Special
Relativities for Matter and Antimatter
Dynamical Systems with Resistive Forces 24
1.3.5 Inapplicability of Special Relativity for the
Propagation of Light within Physical Media of
Matter or Antimatter 25
viii ISODUAL THEORY OF ANTIMATTER
1.3.6 Inapplicability of the Galilean and Poincar´e
symmetries for Interior Dynamical Systems of
Matter or Antimatter 28
1.3.7 Lack of Exact Character of Special Relativity
and Quantum Mechanics for the Structure of
Hadrons, Nuclei and Stars 30
1.4 THE SCIENTIFIC IMBALANCE CAUSED BY
GENERAL RELATIVITY AND QUANTUM
GRAVITY FOR MATTER AND ANTIMATTER 32
1.4.1 The Negative Impact of General Relativity on
Antimatter 32
1.4.2 Catastrophic Inconsistencies of General
Relativity due to Lack of Sources 33
1.4.3 Catastrophic Inconsistencies of General
Relativity due to Curvature 39
1.5 HADRONIC MECHANICS 45
1.5.1 Foreword 45
1.5.2 Catastrophic Inconsistencies of Noncanonical
Theories 46
1.5.3 Catastrophic Inconsistencies of Nonunitary
Theories 57
1.5.4 The Birth of Isomathematics, Genomathematics
and their Isoduals 67
1.5.5 Hadronic Mechanics 71
References 79
2. ISODUAL THEORY OF POINT-LIKE ANTIPARTICLES 85
2.1 ELEMENTS OF ISODUAL MATHEMATICS 85
2.1.1 Isodual Unit, Isodual Numbers and Isodual Fields 85
2.1.2 Isodual Functional Analysis 89
2.1.3 Isodual Differential and Integral Calculus 90
2.1.4 Lie-Santilli Isodual Theory 90
2.1.5 Isodual Euclidean Geometry 91
2.1.6 Isodual Minkowskian Geometry 93
2.1.7 Isodual Riemannian Geometry 94
2.2 CLASSICAL ISODUAL THEORY OF POINT-LIKE
ANTIPARTICLES 96
2.2.1 Basic Assumptions 96
2.2.2 Need for Isoduality to Represent All Time
Directions 97
Contents ix
2.2.3 Experimental Verification of the Isodual Theory
of Antimatter in Classical Physics 98
2.2.4 Isodual Newtonian Mechanics 100
2.2.5 Isodual Lagrangian Mechanics 102
2.2.6 Isodual Hamiltonian Mechanics 102
2.2.7 Isodual Galilean Relativity 104
2.2.8 Isodual Special Relativity 107
2.2.9 Inequivalence of Isodual and Spacetime Inversions 110
2.2.10 Isodual Thermodynamics of Antimatter 112
2.2.11 Isodual General Relativity 113
2.3 OPERATOR ISODUAL THEORY OF POINT-LIKE
ANTIPARTICLES 114
2.3.1 Basic Assumptions 114
2.3.2 Isodual Quantization 115
2.3.3 Isodual Hilbert Spaces 115
2.3.4 Isoselfduality of Minkowski’s Line Elements and
Hilbert’s Inner Products 117
2.3.5 Isodual Schro¨dinger and Heisenberg’s Equations 118
2.3.6 Isoselfdual Re-Interpretation of Dirac’s Equation 118
2.3.7 Equivalence of Isoduality and charge conjugation 122
2.3.8 Experimental Verification of the Isodual Theory
of Antimatter in Particle Physics 125
2.3.9 Elementary Particles and their Isoduals 125
2.3.10 Photons and their Isoduals 127
2.3.11 Electrons and their Isoduals 128
2.3.12 Protons and their Isoduals 129
2.3.13 The Hydrogen Atom and its Isodual 129
2.3.14 Isoselfdual Bound States 131
2.3.15 Resolution of the Inconsistencies of Negative
Energies 133
References 135
3. LIE-ISOTOPICANDLIE-ADMISSIBLETREATMENTS
OFEXTENDEDPARTICLESANDTHEIRISODUALS
FOR EXTENDED ANTIPARTICLES 137
3.1 INTRODUCTION 137
3.1.1 The Forgotten Legacy of Newton, Lagrange and
Hamilton 137
x ISODUAL THEORY OF ANTIMATTER
3.1.2 Structural Differences between Exterior and
Interior Dynamical Systems of Particles and of
Antiparticles 139
3.1.3 Closed Non-Hamiltonian Systems of Extended
Particles and Extended Antiparticles 142
3.1.4 Ultimate Elemental Origin of Nonpotential
Interactions 146
3.1.5 Basic Conditions to be verified by the Applicable
Mathematics 146
3.1.6 Iso-, Geno-, and Hyper-Formulations for Particles
and their Isoduals for Antiparticles 150
3.2 ISOMATHEMATICS FOR EXTENDED PARTICLES
AND ITS ISODUAL FOR EXTENDED
ANTIPARTICLES 151
3.2.1 Isounits and their Isoduals 151
3.2.2 Isonumbers, Isofields and their Isoduals 153
3.2.3 Isofunctional Analysis, Isodifferential Calculus
and their Isoduals 155
3.2.4 Isospaces, Isogeometries, Isotopologies and their
Isoduals 156
3.2.5 Lie-Santilli Isotheory and its Isodual 159
3.3 CLASSICAL ISO-HAMILTONIAN MECHANICS AND
ITS ISODUAL 161
3.3.1 Newton-Santilli Isomechanics and its Isodual 161
3.3.2 Iso-Action Principle and its Isodual 166
3.3.3 Iso-Hamiltonian Mechanics and its Isodual 167
3.4 LIE-ISOTOPIC BRANCH OF HADRONIC
MECHANICS AND ITS ISODUAL 169
3.4.1 Technical Difficulties in Quantizing Nonpotential
Forces 169
3.4.2 Naive Isoquantization and its Isodual 171
3.4.3 Iso-Hilbert Spaces and their Isoduals 173
3.4.4 Isolinearity, Isolocality and Isounitarity 174
3.4.5 Iso-Schro¨dinger and Iso-Heisenberg Equations
and their Isoduals 175
3.4.6 Simple Construction of Isotheories 177
3.4.7 Invariance of Isotopic Theories 178
3.5 ISORELATIVITY AND ITS ISODUAL 179
3.5.1 Introduction 179
3.5.2 Iso-Minkowskian Spaces and their Isoduals 183
Contents xi
3.5.3 Poincar´e-Santilli Isosymmetry and its Isodual 185
3.5.4 Isorelativity and its Isodual 191
3.5.5 Isorelativistic Hadronic Mechanics and its
Isoduals 194
3.5.6 Isogravitation and its Isodual 198
3.6 LIE-ADMISSIBLE BRANCH OF HADRONIC
MECHANICS AND ITS ISODUAL 202
3.6.1 The Scientific Imbalance Caused by Irreversibility 202
3.6.2 The Forgotten Legacy of Lagrange and Hamilton 203
3.6.3 Early Representations of Irreversible Systems 204
3.6.4 Elements of Genomathematics 208
3.6.5 Lie-Santilli Genotheory and its Isodual 211
3.6.6 Geno-Newtonian Mechanics and its Isodual 213
3.6.7 Lie-Admissible Classical Genomechanics and its
Isodual 216
3.6.8 Lie-Admissible Branch of Hadronic Mechanics
and its Isodual 219
3.6.9 Simple Construction of Lie-Admissible Theories 221
3.6.10 Invariance of Lie-Admissible Theories 222
3.6.11 Genorelativity and its Isodual 223
3.6.12 Lie-Admissible Hypertheories and their Isoduals 224
3.7 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATIONS AND
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF HADRONIC
MECHANICS 228
3.7.1 Experimental Verifications of Lie-Isotopic
Theories 228
3.7.2 Experimental Verifications of Lie-Admissible
Theories 233
3.7.3 Industrial Applications to New Clean Energies
and Fuels 235
References 241
4. ANTIGRAVITY AND SPACETIME MACHINES 253
4.1 THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS OF ANTIGRAVITY 253
4.1.1 Introduction 253
4.1.2 Newtonian and Euclidean Prediction of
Antigravity 255
4.1.3 Minkowskian and Riemannian Predictions of
Antigravity 257