Islamophobia in Cyberspace: Hate Crimes Go Viral

206 Pages·2016·3.16 MB·English

by  Imran Awan (ed.)

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IslamophobIa In CyberspaCe
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Islamophobia in
Cyberspace
Hate Crimes Go Viral
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t Edited by
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e Imran awan
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D Birmingham City University, UK
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First published 2016 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
7 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
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2 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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u Copyright © Imran Awan and the contributors 2016
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e Imran Awan has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be
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3 identified as the editor of this work.
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3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
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3 in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
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t hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
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] storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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e Notice:
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Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
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a used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
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a,
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n British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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o A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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C The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
of Islamophobia in cyberspace : hate crimes go viral / [edited] by Imran Awan.
y pages cm
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i Includes bibliographical references and index.
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e ISBN 978-1-4724-5809-4 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-4724-5810-0 (ebook) – ISBN 978-1­
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i 4724-5811-7 (epub) 1. Hate crimes. 2. Computer crimes. 3. Islamophobia. I. Awan, Imran.
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U HV6773.5.I83 2016
y [ 364.15'6088297–dc23
b 2015022702
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l ISBN: 978-1-472-45809-4 (hbk)
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w ISBN: 978-1-315-59009-7 (ebk)
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Contents
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0 List of Figures vii
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y List of Tables ix
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u Notes on Contributors xi
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F Introduction 1
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3 1 Cyber-Islamophobia and Internet hate Crime 7
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3 Imran Awan
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o] 2 Virtual Islamophobia: The Eight Faces of Anti-Muslim Trolls
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e on Twitter 23
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D Imran Awan
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a, 3 The Normalisation of Islamophobia through Social Media:
ni Facebook 41
r
o Andre Oboler
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4 Online Hate and Political Activist Groups 63
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o Brian Blakemore
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er 5 The media Impact of online Islamophobia: an analysis of the
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i woolwich murder 85
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Mohammed Rahman
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d 6 The Psychology of Online Islamophobia 103
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d Jane Prince
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w 7 Legislation and International Frameworks tackling Online
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D Islamophobia 123
Ewan Kirk
8 Policing Anti-Muslim Hate Crime on the Internet 137
Imran Awan
IslamopHobIa In CyberspaCe
9 The experiences of Victims of online Islamophobia 151
Jeane Gerard and Kate Whitfield
10 Islamophobia, hate Crime and the Internet 167
Imran Awan
7 Index 189
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vi
list of Figures
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0 I.1 Selection of tweets after Paris attacks and the hashtag
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u I.2 Threats made against salma yaqoob on social media 4
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F 2.1 Selection of tweets following the Woolwich attack 25
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1 2.2 A selection of trending tweets on 11 September 2013 26
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3 2.3 Common reappearing words used to describe Muslims via Twitter 30
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3 2.4 A brief selection of tweets examined within the article 31
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t 2.5 The cyber troll: A cycle of online abuse 34
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e 10.1 Social media hate collected after Paris attack 170
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D 10.2 English Defence League Sikh Division 174
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a 10.3 English Defence League posts on halal food 175
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a, 10.4 Get poppy burning Muslim scum out of the UK 176
ni 10.5 ban Islam in australia webpage 177
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o 10.6 Image used via ‘ban Islam in australia’ webpage 177
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10.8 muslim women are a security threat 180
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list of Tables
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0 2.1 Typology of offender characteristics 33
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u 4.1 examples of online hate and the punishment given 64
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F 5.1 Total sample of articles 90
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1 5.2 Total search hits of ‘muslim’ 91
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