Table Of ContentISLAMIC STATES IN JAVA
1500-1700
VERHANDELINGEN
VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT
VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE
70
ISLAMIC STATES IN JAVA
1500-1700
EIGHT DUTCH BOOKS AND ARTICLES BY DR H. J. DE GRAAF
as summarized by
TIIEODORE G. Th. PIGEAUD
with a Comprehensive List of Sources
and a General Index of Names
composed by
H. J. DE GRAAF
SPRINGER-SClENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
ISBN 978-94-015-7189-0 ISBN 978-94-015-7187-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-7187-6
PREFACE
The growing interest in the history of Indonesia has made it desirable
to have an English summary of the principal works of the Dutch
historian Dr H. J. de Graaf, who in several books and articles published
between 1935 and 1973 has given a description of the development of
the Javanese kingdom of Mataram, based both on European and in
digenous material. His works form a substantial contribution to the
study of the national history of Indonesia.
The Summary contains references to the paragraphs of the Dutch
books and articles. This makes it easy for those readers who have a know
ledge of Dutch to consult the original texts. The List of Sources for the
study of Javanese history from 1500 to 1700 is composed of the lists
in the summarized books and articles, and the Index of Names refers
not only to the present Summary but also to the eight original texts.
Many names of persons and localities in the Index have been provided
with short explanatory notes and references to other lemmata as a
quick way to give some provisional information on Javanese history.
The spelling of all Javanese words and names has been modernized in
accordance with the rules of orthography of Indonesian languages
which have been laid down by Government. (Only the scholarly Q,
t and e have been retained where it seemed convenient to do so.)
Dr M. C. Ricklefs, of the School of Oriental and African Studies,
London, has taken the trouble to correct the English of the Summary.
He may rest assured that his helpfulness is greatly appreciated.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
v
PREFACE .
SUMMARY
I. The First Islamic States of Java, 15th and 16th centuries 1
II. The Reign of Senapati Ingalaga of Mataram, 1575-1601 25
III. The Reign of Sultan Agung of Mataram, 1613-1645, and
his predecessor Panembahan Seda-ing-Krapyak, 1601-1613 35
IVa. The Reign of Sunan Mangku Rat I, Seda-ing-Tegal
Wangi, King of Mataram, 1646-1677, part I, the Dis
integration of the Realm . . . . . . . . . . . 53
IVb. The Reign of Sunan Mangku Rat I, Seda-ing-Tegal
Wangi, King of Mataram, 1646-1677, part II, Insurrec-
tion and Downfall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
V. The Expedition of Admiral Anthonio Hurdt to the inner
parts of Java, September-December 1678. . . . . . 75
VI. Capture and Death of Raden Truna Jaya, December 1679-
January 1680 . . . . 81
VII. The Kajoran Question, 1680-1681 . . . . . . 85
VIII. The Murder of Captain Franc;ois Tack, February 1686 93
KEY to the Roman serial numbers used in the Comprehensive
List of Sources and the Index of Names to indicate
Dr. De Graaf's eight books and articles and the Summary 105
BIBLIOGRAPHY, Comprehensive List of Sources for the Study
of Javanese History from 1500 to 1700. . . " 107
GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES, with Explanatory Notes . . 125
1.
THE FIRST ISLAMIC STATES OF JAVA
15th AND 16th CENTURIES
Summary of:
H. J. de Graaf en Th. G. Th. Pigeaud, De eerste moslimse
vorstendommen op Java. Studien over de staatkundige ge
schiedenis van de 15de en 16de eeuw. 's-Gravenhage 1974.
Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk I nstituut voor Taal-,
Land- en Volkenkunde. Vol. 69.
I. THE FIRST ISLAMIC STATES
Introduction, I. Historiography of Java
p.7. The political independence from foreign powers, which was
won after world-war II, aroused in Indonesia a desire for a national
history which should describe past developments from an Indonesian
point of view and be based chiefly on indigenous material. The history
of pre-Islamic Java written by professor Krom of Leiden seemed to
come up to the requirements. I t was accepted as a beginning for the
wished-for national history. Books on the Islamic period written by
European authors were found less satisfactory because they were based
chiefly on material supplied by foreigners. Indigenous sources of in
formation were neglected by European authors because they were
considered unreliable.
The existing books on the Islamic period of Javanese history require
reconsideration and supplementing on the following four points. The
idea that the decline and fall of the Shiwaitic-Buddhistic dynasty of
Majapahit in the first quarter of the 16th century and the coming into
power of the Islamic rulers of Demak meant the end of an old
civilization and the beginning of a completely new, Islamic one must
be reconsidered. It is far more likely that Islamization proceeded slowly,
and it is certain that numerous elements of pre-Islamic culture survived
in the succeeding period.
A second matter which requires attention is the tendency to over
emphasize the role of the ruling dynasty of Mataram. Events and
developments outside the royal residence and among the common people
in the villages are too much neglected in the books on history.
A third area of the history of Java which must be supplemented by
new studies is the development of local and national economies during
the past six or seven centuries. What was written on this subject by
European authors was based on information supplied by foreign sea
farers and traders who were chiefly interested in the production of the
goods they bought and sold. The economy of the villages in the interior
of the country was beyond their ken.
The fourth aspect of Javanese history which is unduly neglected is the
development and composition of the population. From prehistoric times
to the twentieth century a great number of migrations by Javanese,
I. THE FIRST ISLAMIC STATES 3
Sundanese, Madurese and Balinese people from one area of the islands
to another must have taken place. Moreover, the fertile and prosperous
coastal provinces attracted foreign adventurers and traders who in many
cases became settlers.
The foreign settlements which contributed most to the development of
Javanese culture were in the first place Indian, and then Indo-Chinese.
Indian civilization had a lasting influence in the fields of literature and
religion in the pre-Islamic period. In accordance with Javanese popular
tradition, it can now be stated that Indo-Chinese traders took a great
part in the spreading of Islam in East and Central Java. The European
colonization, lastly, is responsible for improvements in land and sea
communication, economic expansion and public health measures, which
allowed a vast increase of the population in the past two centuries.
Introduction, 2. History of Java in the 15th and 16th centuries
p. 11. The knowledge of pre-Islamic history benefited greatly from
the energy spent by the archeologists on the remains of Old Javanese
temples. If in the future as much energy and money are spent on
archeological excavations on Islamic sites, knowledge of the history of
many places mentioned in the following pages woud vastly increase.
There are several points made in the present discussion of the beginning
of the IslaInic period. Firstly, Islam became dominant in Java by
degrees. Islamic Iniddle-class people of mixed blood who were residents
of long standing in the North Coast harbour towns, took over control
of their districts from the local rulers, who were high-born men and
vassals of the Shiwaitic-Buddhistic King of Majapahit. They acknow
ledged the King as their liege lord, however, and continued in secular
matters in the way of their "heathen" predecessors. The next develop
ment was the attack by a group of Muslim fanatics from Central Java
on the royal residence of Majapahit, which led to the fall of the
Shiwaitic-Buddhistic dynasty, probably in 1527. The local ruler of
Demak, a man of partly Chinese extraction, took advantage of the
opportunity to extend his authority over most of the other districts of
the realm, and to take the Islamic title of Sultan.
After his death in the Iniddle of the 16th century a period of confusion
followed. This ended when the rulers of Mataram, at that time a little
cultivated district in the interior of the country, took over control in
Central Java and extended their authority in East Java as far as
Surabaya by conquest. The move of the political and cultural centre
of Java from Demak and Surabaya, harbour towns on the North Coast
4 ISLAMIC STATES IN JAVA 1500-1700
with a mixed population, into the interior of the country was of great
consequence. In the more than three centuries during which kings of
the House of Mataram were able to reign under the protection of Dutch
power, a Javanese national feeling had time to develop. The civilization
of the Mataram Court, which flourished in the 18th and 19th centuries,
was an important factor for cultural unity. At present, it is still a source
of inspiration for the development of a common Indonesian civilization.
Introduction, 3. Sources of information on Javanese history of the
16th and 17th centuries
p.14. The sources which are used in the present book are: (1) the
"Relacion" of the Portuguese traveller Tome Pires, a contemporary who
left Java in 1515. (2) The Javanese books on history called Serat Kal}<,ia
(Books of Tales) and Babad Mataram (Dynastic History of the House
of Mataram). The Books of Tales contain descriptions of the Demak
period of history, based on nearly contemporary information. They were,
in an abridged form, included in the Mataram History, which was
written in the 18th century. (3) Local histories of regional dynasties
who were vanquished by the Mataram forces in the 17th century.
( 4) Lists of memorable years, called Babad Sangkala. Some of them
contain information on events which were not mentioned in the elabo
rate Books of Tales or Dynastic Histories. (5) Genealogies of royal and
noble families. Although the beginning of many pedigrees is legendary
or even mythic, the later parts often contain reliable and interesting
information. (6) Legends of the Saints who are believed to have been
the first preachers of Islam in Java. Although miracles take an im
portant place in these legends, they deserve the attention of historians
because they provide information on the Muslim middle class of traders
to which many Saints originally belonged. (7) Chinese notes referring
to the Indo-Chinese trading settlements in the coastal provinces of Java.
Memorials found in the Chinese imperial archives are among the most
important sources of information on the pre-Islamic history of Java.
An Indonesian book by Parlindungan, published not long ago, contains
a chapter on the beginning of Islam in Java which may be based upon
genuine Chinese notes on history. As long as the origin of Parlindungan's
information is not known, however, it seems best to omit references
to his book.
Chpt.1. The beginning of Islam in Java
§ 1. East Javanese legends refer to Islamic holy men in the 15th cen-
Description:The growing interest in the history of Indonesia has made it desirable to have an English summary of the principal works of the Dutch historian Dr H. J. de Graaf, who in several books and articles published between 1935 and 1973 has given a description of the development of the Javanese kingdom of M
