Islamic Ethics: Divine Command Theory in Arabo-Islamic Thought

216 Pages·2010·1.44 MB·English

by  Mariam al-Attar

IslamIc EthIcs
this book explores philosophical ethics in arabo-Islamic thought. Examining the
meaning, origin and development of “Divine command theory,” it underscores
the philosophical bases of religious fundamentalism that hinder social develop-
ment and hamper dialogue between different cultures and nations.
challenging traditional stereotypes of Islam, the book refutes contemporary
claims that Islam is a defining case of ethical voluntarism, and that the promi-
nent theory in Islamic ethical thought is Divine command theory. the author
argues that, in fact, early arab-Islamic scholars articulated moral theories: theo-
ries of value and theories of obligation. she traces the development of arabo-
Islamic ethics from the early Islamic theological and political debates between
the Kharijites and the murji’ites, shedding new light on the moral theory of abd
al-Jabbar al-mu’tazili and the effects of this moral theory on post-mu’tazilite
ethical thought.
highlighting important aspects in the development of Islamic thought, this
book will appeal to students and scholars of Islamic moral thought and ethics,
Islamic law, and religious fundamentalism.
Mariam al-Attar is a faculty member in the Department of Ethics, Philosophy
and Religion at King’s academy in Jordan.
cUltURE aND cIVIlIZatION IN thE mIDDlE East
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Professor of Islamic Studies, University of Exeter
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IslamIc EthIcs
Divine command theory in arabo-Islamic thought
Mariam al-Attar
IslamIc EthIcs
Divine command theory in
arabo-Islamic thought
Mariam al-Attar
first published 2010
by Routledge
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simultaneously published in the Usa and canada
by Routledge
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© 2010 mariam al-attar
all rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
a catalogue record for this book is available from the British library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
attar, mariam.
Islamic Ethics: Divine command theory in arabo-Islamic thought/mariam
al-attar.—1st ed.
p. cm.—(culture and civilization in the middle East)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
summary: this book is about philosophical ethics in arabo-Islamic
thought. Examining the meaning, origin and development of “Divine
command theory,” it underscores the philosophical bases of religious
fundamentalism that hinder social development and hamper dialogue
between different cultures and nations.
IsBN 978–0–415–55519–7 (cloth: alk. paper)—
IsBN 978–0–203–85527–0 (ebook) 1. Islamic ethics. 2. Divine commands
(Ethics) 3. civilization, Islamic. 4. Islam—20th century. 5. Islamic
fundamentalism. I. title.
BJ1291.a88 2010
297.5–dc22
2009038246
ISBN 0-203-85527-2 Master e-book ISBN
IsBN 10: 0-415-55519-1 (hbk)
IsBN 10: 0-203-85527-2 (ebk)
IsBN 13: 978-0-415-55519-7 (hbk)
IsBN 13: 978-0-203-85527-0 (ebk)
cONtENts
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction xi
1 theoretical and historical background 1
2 Ethical presuppositions of the Qur’ān and the Hadīth 11
3 pre-Mu‛tazilite ethical doctrines 26
4 Mu‛tazilite ethics: Moral interpretation of the five principles 44
5 Ethics of ‛Abd al-Jabbār: presuppositions of ethical judgments 63
6 analysis of normative ethical judgments 99
Conclusion 141
Notes 143
Bibliography 179
Index 187
vii

acKNOWlEDGmENts
This book is a revision of my dissertation “Ethics of ‛Abd-al-Jabbar: The
Culmination of Mu‛tazilite Moral doctrine,” which I presented in 2008 at the
University of leeds for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the supervi-
sion of Professor Ian Netton, now sharjah Professor of Islamic studies at the
University of Exeter. It is with great pleasure that I acknowledge my debt to
Professor Netton, for providing me with the opportunity to pursue my research
under his kind supervision and for his valuable advice and encouragement.
I am also grateful to Professor sahban Khalifat the former Professor of ethics
in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Jordan for encouraging me
to continue my studies and for reading and commenting on different parts of my
work. I also wish to extend my gratitude to Dr. Zahia salhi, head of Department
of arabic and middle Eastern studies at the University of leeds and Dr. lloyd
Ridgeon, lecturer of Islamic studies, University of Glasgow for commenting on
the original dissertation. their feedback helped to improve this work consider-
ably. yet, of course, I alone bear the burden for any errors.
I am grateful to all my friends for their encouragement and support. thanks to
randa Hijazi for reading the first part of the dissertation, and Maha bidawi for her
helpful advice, shirley Jabi for proofreading the longest chapter, Ishbel coy for
her valuable discussions and warm hospitality when I visited her in Edinburgh,
and mr. Rakesh Ramchurn for proofreading most of the work.
I must also thank ms. maurine Pinder, arts team librarian at the University
of leeds, for administrative and research support and for being such delightful
company during the time I spent in the Brotherton library as well as Dr. hussein
sirriyeh, Director of Postgraduate studies, for his help and support.
I am also indebted to Professor humam Ghassib whose lecture in physics,
while I was still studying for my Bachelor degree, took me beyond physics; and
to Professor adel Daher, now professor at Pace University in New york, who,
while teaching at University of Jordan, taught me to appreciate philosophy; and to
my uncle Riad attar, assistant Professor at murray state University in Kentucky
for his encouragement and, most of all, for being a role model among my family
members in his pursuit of knowledge.
special thanks are due to all the members of my family, especially my youngest
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