Table Of ContentMigration, Minorities and Citizenship
General Editors: Zig Layton-Henry, Professor of Politics, University of Warwick;
and Danièle Joly, Professor, Director, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations,
University of Warwick
Titles include:
Muhammad Anwar, Patrick Roach and Ranjit Sondhi (editors)
FROM LEGISLATION TO INTEGRATION?
Race Relations in Britain
James A. Beckford, Danièle Joly and Farhad Khosrokhavar
MUSLIMS IN PRISON
Challenge and Change in Britain and France
Thomas Faist and Andreas Ette (editors)
THE EUROPEANIZATION OF NATIONAL POLICIES AND POLITICS OF
IMMIGRATION
Between Autonomy and the European Union
Thomas Faist and Peter Kivisto (editors)
DUAL CITIZENSHIP IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
From Unitary to Multiple Citizenship
Adrian Favell
PHILOSOPHIES OF INTEGRATION
Immigration and the Idea of Citizenship in France and Britain
Agata Górny and Paulo Ruspini (editors)
MIGRATION IN THE NEW EUROPE
East-West Revisited
James Hampshire
CITIZENSHIP AND BELONGING
Immigration and the Politics of Democratic Governance in Postwar Britain
John R. Hinnells (editor)
RELIGIOUS RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOUTH ASIAN DIASPORAS
From One Generation to Another
Ayhan Kaya
ISLAM, MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION
The Age of Securitization
Zig Layton-Henry and Czarina Wilpert (editors)
CHALLENGING RACISM IN BRITAIN AND GERMANY
Jørgen S. Nielsen
TOWARDS A EUROPEAN ISLAM
Pontus Odmalm
MIGRATION POLICIES AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
Inclusion or Intrusion in Western Europe?
Aspasia Papadopoulou-Kourkoula
TRANSIT MIGRATION
The Missing Link Between Emigration and Settlement
Jan Rath (editor)
IMMIGRANT BUSINESSES
The Economic, Political and Social Environment
Carl-Ulrik Schierup (editor)
SCRAMBLE FOR THE BALKANS
Nationalism, Globalism and the Political Economy of Reconstruction
Vicki Squire
THE EXCLUSIONARY POLITICS OF ASYLUM
Maarten Vink
LIMITS OF EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP
European Integration and Domestic Immigration Policies
Östen Wahlbeck
KURDISH DIASPORAS
A Comparative Study of Kurdish Refugee Communities
Migration, Minorities and Citizenship
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Islam, Migration and
Integration
The Age of Securitization
Ayhan Kaya
© Ayhan Kaya 2009
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-51679-3
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
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may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
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in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2009 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
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ISBN 978-1-349-35460-3 ISBN 978-0-230-23456-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230234567
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kaya, Ayhan.
Islam, migration and integration : the age of securitization / Ayhan Kaya.
p. cm.—(Migration, minorities and citizenship)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Muslims – Europe. 2. Muslims – Cultural assimilation – Europe.
3. Europe – Ethnic relations. 4. Europe – Emigration and immigration – Social
aspects. I. Title.
D1056.2.M87K39 2009
305.6(cid:2)97094—dc22 2008052853
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
For my beloved family:
Marco, Kaan, Defne and Bianca
Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
List of Maps xii
Acknowledgements xiii
Preface xiv
Introduction 1
The overall socio-political context: the stigmatization
of Islam 4
Securitization of migration as a form of governmentality:
migrants as anti-citizens 7
Security sector: winners and losers 11
Fortress Europe: ultra-politics of symbols 14
Migrants in post-social state: from welfarism to prudentialism 24
Management of ethno-cultural and religious diversity 28
The scope of the study 36
1 Germany: from Segregation to Integration 39
Hyphenated citizenship: German-Turks 45
Anatomy of German-Turkish transnational space 52
Habitats of meaning for German-Turks 57
2 France: from Integration to Segregation 62
Stigmatization and statisticalization of illegal migrants 67
Weakening of Egalitarian Republican rhetoric 70
From assimilation to the Communautés 75
Crisis of French universalism: affaire des foulard 78
Banlieu riots: a quest for Republican resistance 81
Puissance: the power of collectivity 88
3 Belgium: a Culturally Divided Land 93
The migratory process in Belgium: From Gasterbeiders
(guestworkers) to Vreemdelingen (foreigners) 98
Diverse understandings of citizenship 100
Integration of immigrants: Walloon and Flemish models 103
Attitudes towards foreigners 111
vii
viii Contents
4 The Netherlands: from Multiculturalism to Assimilation 116
Pillarization (Verzuiling) and depillarization of Dutch society 117
Fifth column: Islam in the Netherlands 120
Muslims in the Netherlands: colonial legacy 123
Ethnic minority policy 127
Naar Netherlands (Coming to the Netherlands) 134
Structural outsiderism among Muslims 136
Dutch minority research industry 138
5 Building Communities: Comfort in Purity 141
Making and unmaking communities 142
‘Imported’ brides and bridegrooms: search for purity 147
Multiculturalism: a neo-colonial technique of governmentality 152
The failure of republicanism and multiculturalism 155
The need for political integration of migrants 161
6 Accommodation of Islam: Individualization vs.
Institutionalization 168
Religion and state in different countries 168
Euro-Islam: politics of honour 177
The individualization of Islam among younger generations 180
Religion as a tool for emancipation: portable Islam 187
The other side of the coin: institutionalization of Islam 194
Conclusion: Transnationalizing Integration 201
Transnationalizing integration 207
Notes 210
Bibliography 223
Index 245
Figures
1.1 How often do you go to Turkey? 56
1.2 What is the purpose of your visits to Turkey?
(More than one answer) 57
1.3 How often do you watch German/Turkish television channels? 58
1.4 How often do you use the internet? 58
1.5 How often do you read German/Turkish newspapers? 59
1.6 How often do you listen to German/Turkish Radio channels 60
3.1 Do you feel yourself affiliated closer with Belgium or Turkey?
By region 112
3.2 Which identification suits you most? 113
4.1 Unemployed working population according to ethnic group
and background characteristics (education), 2004. 137
5.1 Do you have German/French/Belgian citizenship? 164
5.2 Do you feel yourself affiliated closer with Germany/
France/Belgium or Turkey? 165
5.3 Which identifications suit you most? 166
5.4 Which identification suits you most? By Birthplace? 166
6.1 How do you define yourself with the following statements
regarding your faith? 185
ix
Tables
0.1 Net migration in western countries 20
0.2 Estimates of Turkish migrant stocks worldwide 21
0.3 Estimates of Moroccan migrant stocks worldwide 22
0.4 A schematic account of the evolution of a liberal
welfare regime 27
0.5 Dominique Schnapper’s classification of German,
French and British integration models 30
0.6 Management models of cultural diversity 34
0.7 Form of assimilation/integration in four countries 35
1.1 Foreigners in Germany 41
1.2 Germany’s Non-German population and Turkish minority 42
1.3 Naturalization of German-Turkish population 48
1.4 Naturalization of Turkish origin migrants and their
descendants between 1980 and 2006 49
2.1 National origins of the Muslim population 64
2.2 Population living in France according to nationality and
place of birth, in 1999 73
3.1 Primary problems of Belgian-Turks in everyday life
(Multi response) 97
3.2 What is the primary problem you face in Belgium? By gender 97
3.3 What is the primary problem you face in Belgium?
By age groups 98
3.4 What is the primary problem you face in Belgium?
By social economic status 98
3.5 Foreign population in Belgium, by region (2000–2007) 100
3.6 Number of naturalized foreigners between 1996 and 2007 105
3.7 Number of naturalized Belgian-Turks between 1990 and 2006 105
3.8 Unemployment rates in Belgium of foreign-and native-born
populations 107
4.1 Population of the Netherlands including the volume of
immigration and emigration 117
4.2 Migration motives of non-Dutch migrants, 2003 121
4.3 Non-western allochthons in the Netherlands, 2004 124
4.4 Total population in the Netherlands in 2004 125
4.5 Population by origin and generation in the Netherlands,
1 January 2007 126
4.6 Number of the MVV applicants in the Netherlands in 2006 135
4.7 Labour market position of persons aged 15–64 years
according to group of o rigin, 2003 137
x
