Table Of ContentIslam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia
FromaChristian,Greek-andArmenian-speakinglandtoapredominantly
Muslim and Turkish speaking one, the Islamisation of medieval Anatolia
would laythegroundwork fortheemergenceoftheOttoman Empire asa
world power and ultimately the modern Republic of Turkey. Bringing
together previously unpublished sources in Arabic, Persian and Turkish,
Peacock offers a new understanding of the crucial but neglected period in
Anatolian history, that of Mongol domination, between circa 1240 and
1380. This represents a decisive phase in the process of Islamisation, with
the popularisation of Sufism and the development of new forms of litera-
turetospreadIslam.ThisbookintegratesthestudyofAnatoliawiththatof
thebroaderIslamicworld,sheddingnewlightonthiscrucialturningpoint
inthe history ofthe Middle East.
A.C.S.PeacockisProfessorofMiddleEasternandIslamicHistoryatthe
University of St Andrews. He is the author of The Great Seljuk Empire
(2015), and co-editor of Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World
(2015), and The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval
Middle East (2013).
Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization
EditorialBoard
ChaseF.Robinson,Freer|Sackler,SmithsonianInstitution(generaleditor)
MichaelCook,PrincetonUniversity
MaribelFierro,SpanishNationalResearchCouncil
AlanMikhail,YaleUniversity
DavidO.Morgan,ProfessorEmeritus,UniversityofWisconsin-Madison
IntisarRabb,HarvardUniversity
MuhammadQasimZaman,PrincetonUniversity
Othertitlesintheseriesarelistedatthebackofthebook.
Islam, Literature and Society
in Mongol Anatolia
A.C.S.PEACOCK
UniversityofStAndrews,UK
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108499361
DOI:10.1017/9781108582124
©A.C.S.Peacock2019
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
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Firstpublished2019
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Peacock,A.C.S.(AndrewC.S.),author.
Title:Islam,literatureandsocietyinMongolAnatolia/A.C.S.Peacock.
Othertitles:CambridgestudiesinIslamiccivilization.
Description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom:CambridgeUniversityPress,2019.|Series:Cambridgestudiesin
Islamiccivilization|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.|Summary:FromaChristian,Greek-and
Armenian-speakinglandtoapredominantlyMuslimandTurkishspeakingone,theIslamisationofmedieval
AnatoliawouldlaythegroundworkfortheemergenceoftheOttomanEmpireasaworldpowerandultimately
themodernRepublicofTurkey.BringingtogetherpreviouslyunpublishedsourcesinArabic,Persianand
Turkish,PeacockoffersanewunderstandingofthecrucialbutneglectedperiodinAnatolianhistory,thatof
Mongoldomination,betweenc.1240and1380.ThisrepresentsadecisivephaseintheprocessofIslamisation,
withthepopularisationofSufismandthedevelopmentofnewformsofliteraturetospreadIslam.Thisbook
integratesthestudyofAnatoliawiththatofthebroaderIslamicworld,sheddingnewlightonthiscrucial
turningpointinthehistoryoftheMiddleEast.
Identifiers:LCCN2019008223|ISBN9781108499361(hardback:alk.paper)|ISBN9781108713481
(pbk.:alk.paper)
Subjects:LCSH:Mongols–Turkey.|Turkey–History–To1453.|Turkey–Politicsandgovernment.|
Islam–Turkey.|Islamandpolitics–Turkey.|Sufism–Turkey.|Islamicliterature,Turkish–Historyand
criticism.|Turkishliterature–Historyandcriticism.
Classification:LCCDR481.P372019|DDC956.1/014–dc235
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019008223
ISBN978-1-108-49936-1Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy
ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
Contents
List ofIllustrations page viii
Acknowledgements xi
ANote onthe Transliterationand Translation xiii
List ofAbbreviations xiv
Introduction 1
PART I RELIGION, POLITICS AND SOCIETY 29
1 The Formation ofIslamic Anatolia:Crisesof Legitimacy
and theStruggle against Unbelief 31
2 Sufism and Political Power 75
3 Sufism inSociety:Futuwwa inSeljuq and Mongol
Anatolia 117
PART II LITERATURE AND RELIGIOUS CHANGE 145
4 The Emergence ofLiterary Turkish 147
5 Vernacular Religious Literature: Tales of Conversion,
Eschatologyand Unbelief 188
6 Apocalyptic Thought and the Political Elite 218
Conclusion 252
Bibliography 260
Index 287
Theplate sectionisfound betweenpages146 and 147
vii
Illustrations
Colour Plates
1 The earliest Islamicmanuscript from Anatolia:al-Akhawayn al-Bukhari,
Hidayatal-Muta‘alliminfi’l-Tibb. TürkiyeYazma Eserler Kurumu
Başkanlığı, Süleymaniye Yazma Eser Kütüphanesi, MS Fatih 3646,
showingon Plate1a) thededication totheSaltukidruler and Plate 1b)
the table of contents.
2 Yusufb.Sa‘dal-Sijistani’sMunyatal-Mufti,copiedatSivasin638/1240–1;an
autograph manuscript. TürkiyeYazma Eserler KurumuBaşkanlığı,
SüleymaniyeYazma EserKütüphanesi,MS Şehid Ali Paşa1083, showing
Plate2a) theopeningfolioand Plate 2b)the end of thework with the
colophon attesting it isan autograph manuscript at thebottom left.
3a and b The taqwīm made for theEretnid ‘Ala’al-Din in772–3/1372–3.
Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, Nurusomaniye 2782.
4 Qazwini’s Arba‘un Majalis, dedicated tothe Pervane. Türkiye Yazma
Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, SüleymaniyeYazma Eser Kütüphanesi, MS
Carullah 410M.
5a The lavish copyof Sultan Walad’s Mathnawis made forthe amirSati
Beg al-mawlawi, showing thededication to theamir. Vienna,National
Libraryof Austria,Cod. Mixt.1594,fol. 1a; Plate 5b, showingthe
namesof God, fol. 1b; Plate 5c.The openingfolio of Sultan Walad’s
Intihanama, fol. 78b. Plate 5d, the colophon,showingthe date of
copying of767/1365–6.
6a The table of contents of Ali b. Dustkhuda al-Anqari’scollection of Sufi
treatises showing its inclusion ofvariousworks bySuharwardi, including
viii
List ofIllustrations ix
thePartawnama. Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, Süleymaniye
Yazma EserKütüphanesi, MS Fatih 5426, fol.Ib–IIa and Plate6b) the
opening of Ghazali’sHamaqat Ahl al-Ibaha inMS Fatih 5426, showing
thename ofthe copyist and owner, ‘Ali b. Dustkhuda b. Khwaja b.
al-Hajj Qumarial-Rifa‘ial-Anqari.
7 An early Kırşehir manuscript, Sharh Jami‘ al-Kabir, Süleymaniye, MS
Fatih 1545.
8 The colophonof Ibn al-Jawzi’suniversal history, al-Muntazam fi’l-Ta’rikh,
Süleymaniye, MS Fazıl AhmedPaşa 1174, fol.118a, copied in Kayseri
in714/1314 showingthe copyist’s Sufiaffiliations.
9a Ibn al-Athir’s al-Kamilfi’l-Tarikh copied byYusufb. al-Sabbal
al-Baghdadi. TürkiyeYazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, Süleymaniye
Yazma EserKütüphanesi, MS Ayasofya 3068, showing thededication to
Fakhr al-Din ‘Ali. Plate9b) theopening folio showingthehigh quality
calligraphy and alater endowment by theOttoman sultan Mahmud
I(d. 1754).
10 Diwanof Ibn Farid, acopyfrom the library of theminister Fakhr
al-Din‘Ali, copied by Isma‘il b. Yusuf. Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu
Başkanlığı, SüleymaniyeYazma Eser Kütüphanesi, MSAyasofya3879,
showingPlate10a) theex libris of Fakhr al-Din‘Ali and Plate 10b)
the opening ofthe diwan,showing the fine calligraphy and gold
illumination.
11 Nasiri Sijistani,treatises on theoccult. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale
deFrance,MS persan 174,fol.110b. Plate11a) An illustration of the
astrological lion and sun motif thatalso seems to have denotedsovereignty
(see Leiser ‘Observations on the “Lion and Sun”’).Plate 11b). Nasiri
Sijistani, treatises on the occult. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale
deFrance,MS persan 174,fol.133b. The opening versesof the
Mu’nis al-‘Awarif.
12 Ibn Barrajan, Tanbih, copybelonging tothe mustawfīMajd al-Din
Muhammad b.al-Hasan. MS Süleymaniye, Reisülküttab30.
Figures
1.1 Shamsal-DinJuwayni’sÇifte Minareli Medrese at Sivas. Photograph
by Peter J. Lu,courtesy ofSpecial Collections, Fine ArtsLibrary,
HarvardUniversity page 47
