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Users, 8 r[;~;~U 8 @ Enhanced Service Providers. 8
Peter Boeker
ISDN
The Integrated Services
Digital Network
Concept, Methods, Systems
In collaboration with
G. Arndt, V. Frantzen, O. Fundneider, L. Hagenhaus,
H.1. Rothamel, L. Schweizer
Second Edition with 108 Figures and 21 Tables
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg NewY ork
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Dr. rer. nat. Peter Bocker
Gerhard Arndt
Viktor Frantzen
Oswald Fundneider
Lutz Hagenhaus
Dr.-Ing. Hans Jorg Rothamel
Lutz Schweizer
Siemens AG
Public Communication Networks Group,
Central Laboratories
Hofmannstrasse 51, W-8000 Miinchen 70,
Federal Republic of Germany
ThIS IS a completely reVIsed and internatIonal editIOn on the basIs of
ISDN - Das dienstemtegrierende digitale Nachrzchtennetz,
3rd editIOn, Spnnger-Verlag 1990
ISBN-13 :978-3-642-84665-6 e-ISBN-13 :978-3-642-84663-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-84663-2
Library of Congress Catalogmg-m-Publication Data
Boeker, P., 1933- [ISDN, das diensteintegrierende dlgitale Nachrichtennetz EnglIsh] ISDN, the mtegrated
services digItal network: concepts, methods, systems/Peter Bocker; in collaboration WIth G. Arndt ... [et al.]. -
2nd ed. p. cm. Translation of: ISDN, das dlensteintegrierende dlgltale Nachrichtennetz. 3rd ed. Includes
bIblIographIcal references and index.
1. Integrated services digItal networks. I. Arndt. G. (Gerhard) II. Title.
TK5103, 7B6313 1992 621.382 - dc20 91-45902
Tbls work is subject to copyright. All nghts are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material IS concerned,
speCIfically tbe nghts of translation, repnntmg, reuse of IllustratIOns, recItation, broadcasting, reproductIOn on
mIcrofilm or in any other way, and storage m data banks. DuplIcatIOn of tbis publIcatIOn or parts thereof IS
permitted only under the proviSIOns of the German Copynght Law of September 9, 1965, m ItS current verSIOn, and
permiSSIOn for use must always be obtamed from Spnnger-Verlag. VIOlatIOns are liable for prosecution under the
German Copyright Law
© Spnnger-Verlag BerlIn HeIdelberg 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1992
The use of general descnptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc m thIS publIcation does not imply, even m
the absence of a speCIfic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations
and therefore free for general use.
Product liability. The publIshers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any mformatlOn about dosage and applIcation
contained m tbls book. In every mdlvldual case the user must check sucb mfonnation by consulting the relevant
literature.
Typesetting. Macmillan Ltd., IndIa,
61/3020-5 4 3 2 1 0 - Pnnted on acid-free paper.
Preface for the Second Edition
The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), still just a vision a decade ago,
has now become reality: almost all PTTs and telecommunication carriers in the
industrialized world have already introduced ISDN or are intending to do so in
the near future. The reason for this is the significant benefits that this network
offers users, network operators and manufacturers alike:
- Users obtain additional services with a variety of supplementary services
providing them with better and simpler ways of meeting their communication
needs - particularly for non-voice services. The ISDN subscriber access will
also enable users to operate existing systems more economically than would
be the case with various dedicated networks.
- The network operators benefit from the universal network concept which
allows them to introduce new services and new supplementary services
without large specific capital investment. Economic advantages will also flow
from service integration, especially at subscriber access level, and from
standardization of operation and maintenance for the range of services
provided.
- Manufacturers welcome above all the standard network access, enabling one
terminal to access several communication services, i.e. opening up a wider
market.
The driving forces behind the ISDN are thus, firstly, cost-effective communi
cation in various information types via the same subscriber access line and,
secondly, sophisticated new services and supplementary services, especially in
the increasingly important non-voice area.
This book, now in its second international edition, illustrates and describes
the ISDN, its technology, its services and the principles on which ISDN
terminals operate. The main focus of attention is those features of the ISDN
which can be implemented using the cabling of the existing telephone network;
this type of ISDN is generally referred to as narrowband ISDN or 64 kbit/s
ISDN (although higher-capacity channels are also defined for this network).
Communication between multimedia workstations (text, graphics, still and
moving pictures, voice), fast data transmission (CAD/CAM), efficient inter
connection of local area networks (LANs) and, in general, full-motion video
communication in color, with a quality comparable to that of television pictures,
will, however, only be possible when subscribers are connected via optical fibers
to the broadband ISDN. Many details of the broadband ISDN are at present
VI Preface for the Second Edition
still under discussion. Consequently a comprehensive treatment of these issues
was not yet aimed at in this book.
After analysing the role of communications, this book first discusses the
services and supplementary services, which can be implemented in the ISDN.
The structure of the network and the basic principles of network dimensioning
are then illustrated. Much space is devoted to the subscriber access and
associated user-network interfaces and signaling. The next section deals with the
basic features of ISDN terminals. Switching in the ISDN is examined in detail,
and the interworking of network nodes and user terminals is illustrated with the
aid of examples, with particular reference to the special features of ISDN private
branch exchanges. The transmission methods and transmission paths used in
the ISDN are then described, and the last chapter of the book contains a critical
evaluation ofthe ISDN for users in the office, at home, and en route. Finally, the
current standards and recommendations relating to the ISDN are listed in an
Annex.
The book is intended for engineers who need to be familiar with the
requirements and features of the ISDN in order to design, construct or operate
communication systems and it is also aimed at those engaged in teaching and
rese~rch, as well as at a broader public with an interest in technical matters.
It provides an overview of the background to this new development in
communication and places its various features in context. In view of the
international readership, the technical terms used in this book have been chosen
so as to comply with international standards, in particular the International
Electrotechnical Vocabulary lEV and relevant CCITT recommendations such
as,G.701, 1.112 and Q.9. When a term is used first, some national terms are given
in brackets where appropriate.
In view of the rapid development of technology and progress in the area of
standards, all sections of the book have been completely revised for its second
international edition. Thus, the many new developments of recent years in the
field of telecommunication services, switching and transmission have been taken
into account. In particular the section entitled Packet Switching Techniques in
the ISDN has been completely rewritten. This -reflects the consolidated sta~e of
international discussion to date, as well as the significance of Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM) as base technology for broadband ISDN. The discussion
of the hierarchy of digital transmission channels now also includes the Synchro
nous Digital Hierarchy (SOH). The numerous new or modified standards have
been included in the Annex. Naturally all the literature references have also had
to be updated.
As in the first edition, the general description of the ISDN concept and its
implementation was prepared in collaboration with Dipl.-Ing. Gerhard Arndt,
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Lutz Hagenhaus, Dipl.-Ing. Oswald Fundneider, Dipl.-Ing.
Viktor Frantzen, Dr.-Ing. Hans Jorg Rothamel and Dipl.-Ing. Lutz Schweizer.
Chapter 1 was written by P. Bocker, Chapter 2 by H.J. Rothamel; Chapter 3
by L. Hagenhaus; Sections 4.1 to 4.3 by O. Fundneider; Section 4.4 and Chapter
6 by V. Frantzen; Chapters 5 and 8 by G. Arndt; Chapter 7 and the Annex by
Preface for the Second Edition VII
L. Schweizer. The book is also the product of much advice and information
supplied by colleagues in the various development departments, both within and
outside Siemens AG; I am particularly indebted to Dr.rer.nat. Rainer mindel
and Dr.-Ing. Manfred Huber for their suggestions for updating Sections 4.1 to
4.3. and to L. Schweizer for his valuable help in reading the manuscript and
suggesting amendments.
Thanks are due to my professional colleagues for all their support in
producing this book. However, I would also again like to express my particular
thanks to the above-named authors for their understanding and cooperation,
which has enabled us once more to undertake the worthwhile task of presenting
an international readership with this cohesive and updated text.
Munich, June 1991 P. Bocker
Contents
1 The Function of Telecommunications. 1
1.1 Types of Communication . . .
1.2 Information Types and Signals . 1
1.3 Systems for Interactive Communication 3
1.4 Development of the Communication Networks. 3
1.4.1 Existing Communication Networks. 3
1.4.2 Integration of Services . . . . . 4
1.4.3 Flexibility and Network Intelligence 5
1.5 The ISDN Concept . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 The Integration of Services with Higher Bit Rates. 8
1. 7 The Importance of Standardization. . . . . . 9
2 Telecommunication Services . 11
2.1 Definition of Services. . 11
2.2 Definition of Service Attributes and Supplementary Services 17
2.3 Services in the ISDN with Bit Rates up to 64 kbit/s . 19
2.3.1 ISDN Services up to 64 kbit/s via B-Channels . 19
2.3.1.1 Conversational Bearer Services. 19
2.3.1.2 Conversational Teleservices. . 19
2.3.1.3 Messaging Services. . . . . 22
2.3.1.4 Retrieval Services (Teleservices). 23
2.3.1.5 Distribution Services . . . . 23
2.3.2 ISDN Services via the D-Channel . . 24
2.3.2.1 Conversational Bearer Services with Low
Throughput . . . . . . 24
2.3.2.2 Conversational Teleservices. . . . . 24
2.3.3 Supplementary Services. . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.4 Existing Services from the Telephone Network
in the ISDN. . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.5 Services in Conjunction with Terminals from Dedicated
Text and Data Networks . . . . . 30
2.4 Service and Network Interworking Facilities 31
2.4.1 Intercommunication Within the ISDN 31
X Contents
2.4.2 Intercommunication Using Network Interworking
Facilities . . . . . . 32
2.5 Services with Higher Bit Rates . . . . . . . . . 32
3 ISDN Structure. . . . 34
3.1 Network Organization 34
3.2 Initial Situation for the ISDN. 35
3.2.1 Telephone Network . . 36
3.2.2 Text and Data Networks 37
3.3 Functions of the ISDN Network Components . 38
3.3.1 Subscriber Lines in the ISDN. . . 38
3.3.2 Local Exchanges in the ISDN . . . . 39
3.3.3 Signaling Between ISDN Exchanges . . 39
3.3.4 Operation and Maintenance in the ISDN 40
3.4 Network Dimensioning. . . . 40
3.4.1 Basic Considerations. . . . . . . . 40
3.4.2 Effects of Service Integration. . . . . 42
3.4.2.1 Holding Time, Traffic Intensity, Busy Hour Call
Attempts . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.4.2.2 Shared Use of the Network Equipment. 44
3.4.3 Traffic Routing. . . . . . . . . . 44
3.5 Interworking with Other Public Networks . . 46
3.5.1 ISDN and the Analog Telephone Network 46
3.5.2 ISDN and Public Data Networks 47
3.6 Interworking with Private Networks 48
3.7 Numbering . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.8 Implementation Strategies. . . . . 49
3.8.1 Overlay Network and Cell Approach 50
~.8.2 Pragmatic Implementation Strategy 51
3.8.3 Satellite Links in the ISDN 53
3.9 ISDN Implementation Schedules. . . . 54
4 Subscriber Access 56
4.1 Configuration of the User Station . . . . 56
4.1.1 Functional Groups of the User Station 56
4.1.2 Network Termination NTl 58
4.1.3 Network Termination NT2 59
4.1.4 Terminal Adaptor TA . . 61
4.1.5 Connecting Private Networks. 61
4.2 User-Network Interfaces 63
4.2.1 Preliminary Remarks. . . . 63
Contents XI
4.2.1.1 Channel Types . . . . . . . . 64
4.2.1.2 Access Types and Interface Structures 65
4.2.1.3 Operation of Traffic Channels. . . 66
4.2.2 User-Network Interface for the Basic Access 67
4.2.2.1 Reference Configurations. . . . . 67
4.2.2.2 Electrical Characteristics for Information
Transmission. . . . . . . . . . 69
4.2.2.3 D-Channel Access by Terminal Equipments 70
4.2.2.4 Frame Structure. . . . . . . . . . 72
4.2.2.5 Activation and Deactivation. . . . . . 74
4.2.2.6 Electrical Characteristics for Power Feeding 75
4.2.3 User-Network Interface for the Primary Rate Access 76
4.3 User Signaling. . . . . 78
4.3.1 Protocol Architecture. . . . . . 79
4.3.2 Types of Connection. . . . . . 80
4.3.3 Special Features of ISDN Signaling 83
4.3.3.1 Functions of the Network Terminations NT1
and NT2 . . . . 83
4.3.3.2 Call Establishment. . . . . . 83
4.3.3.3 Bus Configurations . . . . . 86
4.3.3.4 Simultaneous Signaling Activities . 87
4.3.4 Link Access Procedure on the D-Channel 88
4.3.4.1 Features of the Data Link Layer . 88
4.3.4.2 Data Transfer Protocol . . . . 89
4.3.4.3 Assignment of Unique Terminal Endpoint
Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3.5 Signaling for Circuit-Switched Connections. 91
4.3.5.1 Simple Call Establishment . . . . 91
4.3.5.2 Simple Call Clearing . . . . . . 93
4.3.5.3 Refined Call Establishment and Clearing 94
4.3.5.4 Control of Supplementary Services 95
4.3.5.5 User-User Signaling . . . . . . . 95
4.3.5.6 Stimulus Protocol . . . . . . . . 95
4.4 Connection of Terminals with Conventional Interfaces
to the ISDN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.4.1 ISDN Bearer Service and Public Data Network
Access Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.4.2 Connection of X.21 Terminal Equipment with Single-Step
Call Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.4.2.1 Mapping of the Call Establishment and
Clearing Procedures Between the X.21
and S Interfaces. . . . . . . . . 105
4.4.2.2 Adaption Between the X.1 User Rates of X.21
Terminal Equipment and the ISDN
Information Transfer Rate of 64 kbit/s. . . 105
XII Contents
4.4.2.3 Ready for Data Alignment in the 64 kbit/s
Channel Between the Terminal Adaptors
and Between the X.21 Terminal Equipments . 108
4.4.3 Connection of Data Terminal Equipment with V.-Series
Type Interfaces to the ISDN. . . . . . . . 108
4.4.3.1 Support of the Analog Tip/Ring Interface
in the ISDN . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.4.3.2 Support of V.-Series Interfaces in the ISDN 109
4.4.4 Connection of Terminals with X.25 Interface to
the ISDN . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.4.4.1 Basic Characteristics . . . . . . . . 110
4.4.4.2 Point-to-Multipoint Signaling for Incoming
Virtual Calls . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.4.4.3 Access to Packet Switching via the B-Channel 115
4.4.4.4 Access to Packet Switching via the Signaling
Channel (D-Channel). . 115
4.5 Packet Switching Techniques in ISDN 119
4.5.1 Frame Mode Bearer Services. 122
4.5.2 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 123
4.5.3 Conclusion and Outlook . . 125
5 ISDN Terminals. . . . . . . . . 127
5.1 Introductory Remarks . . . . . 127
5.2 Basic Features of an ISDN Terminal 129
5.3 Single-Service Terminals Connected to the ISDN. 130
5.3.1 ISDN Telephone . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.3.2 Terminals for Non-Voice Communication in the ISDN. 132
5.4 Multi-Service Terminals. . . . . . . . . . 135
5.4.1 Multi-Service Terminals for Telephony and
Telematic Services. . . . . . . . . . 135
5.4.2 Multi-Service Terminals for Telephony and
Image Communication. . . . . . . . 137
6 Switching in the ISDN. . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.2 New Demands Placed on Switching Due to Service
Integration in the ISDN 146
6.2.1 Subscriber Access. 146
6.2.2 Trunk Access . . 149
6.2.3 Switching Network 149
6.2.4 User-Network Signaling 153
