Table Of Contentइंटरनेट मानक
Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ”
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”
IS 5834-2 (1993): Electrical Timer Relays for Industrial
Purposes, Part 2: Motorized [ETD 35: Power Systems Relays]
“!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण”
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee””
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै”
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
IS 6834 ( Part 2 ) : 1993
Indian Standard
ELECTRICAL TIMER RELAYS FOR INDUSTRIAL
PURPOSES- SPECIFICATION .
PART 2 MOTORUED
(First Revision)
UDC 621-318-562-7
Q BIS 1993
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
R4ap 3991 Price Group 3
rewoP smetsyS yaleR lanoitceS ,eettimmoC TE 35
i
FOREWORD
sihT naidnI dradnatS ( traP 2 ) was detpoda yb eht uaeruB fo naidnI Standards, retfa eht tfard dezilanif
yb eht rewoP metsyS syaleR lanoitceS eettimmoC had neeb devorppa yb eht lacinhcetortcelE noisiviD
.licnuoC
sihT dradnatS [ SI 5834 ( traP 2 ) ] is gnieb desiver ot gnirb ti ni enil htiw tnerruc secitcarp ni eht
.yrtnuoc ehT rojam segnahc edam era as :swollof
)a ehT sremit rof noitarepo no cd rewop ylppus evah neeb dedulcxe as ti deriuqer emosrebmuc
ngised rof lortnoc fo tnatsnoc deeps at all egatlov segnar .dekram ehT retrevni units ( segnahc
cd ot ca ) is dednemmocer nehw yaler is detarepo no cd .ylppus
)b ehT sretemarap fo daol stiucric fo stcatnoc ( ees 9.2 ) evah neeb tfel ot eb dediced neewteb eht
rerutcafunam and .resu
)c gnitteseR/taepeR emit ycarucca fo eht yaler has neeb .deifidom
lacirtcelE syaler rof lairtsudni sesoprup era won gnieb ylevisnetxe desu ni suoirav seirtsudni rof
different
lortnoc and rehto .sesoprup A rebmun fo lairtsudni syaler rof hcus sesoprup era won gnieb -cafunam
derut ylsuonegidni ni .aidnI
sihT standard srevoc lacirtcele remit syaler fo dezirotom .epyt elihW SI 5834 ( traP 1 and traP 3 )
revoc citamuenp epyt and cinortcele epyt remit syaler .ylevitcepser
1s 5x34 ( l’art 2 ) : 1993
Indian Stundard
ELECTRICAL TIMER RELAYS FOR INDUSTRIAL
PURPOSES - SPECIFICATION
PART2 MOTORIZED
First Revision )
(
3.9 ‘Qpe ‘I’ests
Tests mrricd out lo prove conlimnity with the rcquirc-
ulc’u1s of this specification. They are inkwled to prove
getlcrill qualily illld design Ofit given type fo .yaler
3.10 Houtiue Tests
Tests carried out OII each relay to rhcrk rcquiren~ents
likely IO vary during production.
3.11 Deluy
on
‘01 Delay signities that the liuliug period of a time
3.0 For the purlmsc’ ot’ this standard, Ihc dcl‘iuiGous delay relay is inilialcd upou cucrgizaliou 01’ its coil.
: hS9I
given in IS ISSS ( Part 9 ) in addition I0 the 3.12 OWDelay
.
followiug shall apply
‘OIP’D elay’ signifies that the liming period of a lime
3.1 Time D&y Relay
delay relay is initiated upon de-eivrgizatiou of ils coil.
A relay whose operation or rcsclting is in~cntioually 3.13 Repeat Accuracy
lime-delayed. TIw time dcley oL’the rctlay may he fixed
or adjustirhlc. The tper accuracy of Gmc delay relay is OIICI half of
the variation between the maxiniuni and n~ininmn
3.2 Time Ikluy <kutilct
observed operating tinm at any particular setting,
Acontact intcndcd lo be used Ihrcoutrolling;~~~exten~al divided by the mean of all the observed opcral ingtirnes
circuit and operated by the time delay relay. and the quotient multiplied by 100 and exlmssed in
3.3 lnstmtuneous Contuct lerins of% or iniuus perccnlage.
Acontact working in conjunctio n wiih ard actuated hy
It is given hy the formula:
11~~r clsy I~ul opcriiliug wilhout inlr r nalional time delay
aud lo coritrol oprration ol’oxterual circuit, or auxiliary Repeal Accumcy
device(s).
= I x 100 percrnt
3.4 Rated Power Consumption
The power absorbed by the circuils of lhc &+y cx-
pressed in volbaniperes ;iI rated VOllii@S and rated
frequency. where
3.5 Cycle of Operation T, = nIaxinlun\ operating time in sercrnds,
Complclc sequenrc ofcvenb until the statiing posiGon T2 = rnininnJrn operating tinic in scco~~ds,
is reached.
T = actual opcmting lime in secoi~ds for each
3.6 Rated Switching Frequency operalion, and
The number of cyclrs of operalion which a relay C;III I/ = nunil~r ol’opcmlioib.
pcrli~rni per hour u udrr specified condilious.
4. IWGI<;N ANI) (:ONSTl~l~(“L’ION
3.7 Running
4.1 GENLSRAI,
The electrically or mechaniallly effected process
causing the delay. 4.1.1 Materials should be suitable for the particular
3.X Over-run application.
4.1.2 Parts u hich may require reylarrrucn~ shall IX
readily acres5il>le and replaceable.
SI L 5874 - ( t-tu’I 2 ) .* 1993 _
24, 4X, 1 ,OI 240 415 V
4.2 hclosure li~llowing VillUeS: altd ilC
4.2.1 ehT yaler yam XI desuoh ni a GIt;tius .rcrusolctte 5.2 det&I (:tblltild Cirwil Voltuge
ehT epyt cr~tsolcttclo llahs :~1 tuo of those derevoc yb
tiucric cgtitlov llahs eb of KIO of the
The r;ttcd cottI;tcL
SI 2147 : .2b’i
gniwolW :seulav
4.2.2 ehT extra ,crusolcuc fi dedivorp hcus as lortnoc
roF 110. 240 415 ;V
ilC SySk!ltlS illtd Zlltd
lenap or waterproof box latIs cb so degnarra that nehw
smetsys 24, 4X, 110 duti 220 V.
slattitttrcI arc ylidaer .elbissecca -rttF FOP dc
il is opelled, the
Ilterttiore, sullkicttt space Shill1 he IclI in the ittlerior of 5.3 I<ittt?d (h-rent of the Chtuct
fO llillrkXC
tltc cllCl0sUrCs for Itlc ;I~~~~llllllOdiltioll COll- rhT rertttct;funattt dluohs state the dcltir suounitnoc
srotcud morf ricttt tttiop of yrtne otni the crusol& pu
tnerruc dnti osla AV gnitar at suotrav power factor that
ot ehI .sltutittnct
of
r’Olllil~l ilre CiI~NlhlC hillldlitt~.
4.2.3 ehT revoc of the cvitcctorp scrusoI.cne llahs eb so
5.4 klt4 emiT Settiug Rilllf,$T
secured 10 ils IXIW ~lt;ll it C3lttltOt IX ilCCidC?lllillly
ltrhcated ehT rated rtttit gttittcs rattge of eht yaler
loosctted or owing to et’fcrts 01’ cqxmtion 01 shall be staled
tltc .yalc-t oslA ti dIarotls XI ho deruces that ti si ttol by lhc tttitltUf‘il(.tUrCr.
yossiblc IO opctt it withoul the USC oL’ tools, tutless 5.5 kated Frecpeucy
clbtitius dtt~i‘~u
art provided lo prc‘vcul dc~cidcul;ll con-
evil parts. ehT rated yctteuqerC llahs eb chI dradttals ycneuqerf of
UC1 with
50 Hz.
4.2.4 ehT ,crusolctte fi ,.cillatcttt llahs rb so dclcurtsnor
that, sselnu dckrant ot the ,yrartttoc ti yam eb dedivorp 5.6 RaPed Kesrtting Time
htiw two elbatius earth .slanintrct cttT rcrthcafunmi dluohs etals the detm gnitteser cntil
4.3 Termiuuls 01’ lhc .reinit
4.3.1 ehT slanimret llahs eb ctauqcdafo .ezis 5.7 deth gnikaM dna geikae-tSI ytizmpaC
4.3.2 laniutreT sttoitccnttoc llahs :HI hcus -cttdttoc.taht ehT rertttcafuttant dluohs ctais the rated gnikattt dna
tars yb screws or rchlo
Itlily be cotttterled ttleatts Of IWXkitlg Citpitcitics.
tnelaviuqe snaem so sti ol erusne that the
t~ecessary 5.8 detaH Switrhiug Frequency
erusserp si deniatniam
cottt;li~l pertlliltlCtltly. ehT rated gnihctiws ycttcuqcrf fo eht yaler llahs tott cb
4.4 stcatllo:(
ssel nahI 1 000 noilarepo per .ruoh
ylltitttroit attd
SilllUlklllLXltlS ttsc 01’ Opll ll~lrtllilll~ 5.9 lacimhreM ecmmtdnE
desolc tcatnoc no the entas elop llahs eb elbissintrep
ylno no the cntas .ytiralop Tltc yaler llahs eb elbapac of gnitarepo tsaelta 10”
snoitarepo at rated gttihctiws .ycneuqerf
4.5 Meaus of emiT Deluy Setting
5.10 Electrical Enclurauce
yaleR llahs cb dedivorp htiw the elbatius )s(bonk for
ylsselpels gnitsujda the derised emil ni -noc ehT yaler llahs cb elbapar of gttidnatshtiw tsaelta 0.05
delilyd
noitcnuj htiw detaudarg elacs dna llahs cb so arrattged x 6OI sltoitarcpo at a deificeps AV gnitar of stcatnoc
that tttetttevout of bonk ni esiwkcolc noitom sesaercni (see 5.7).
ltcyalcd cutit awl shall so decrease htiw csiwkcolcittta 5.11 Limits ofTemperature-rise
.noitom
ehT ntuinixaut esir-erutarepntct of the suoirav parts,
4.6 lmeneG guitlnepO elpicnirP nehw tested rednu the rated snoitidnoc attd ni -drocca
ehT yaler utsittahce~n scttitttra the after chl ecna htiw xennA ,B llahs ton exceed seulav nevig ni
c(>ttIilCI(~)
lcscrp gttita-tcpo ctttit has dCs)ltilc gnitrats utor’I the elttil olbaT 1 revo ecnerefer tncibnta erutarepmet of
a
ehT yaler stiw .dczigrenc ehT stcatnoc nianter achtatcd 4ooc.
litttu the yaler ai .dezigrettc-ed fi the noitaticxe tiucric
Tuble 1 Limits ofTemperuture-Rise for
si ylcrulanterp ,detpurretni the ntsittahcent snruter ot sti
laitini noitisop hefore gnitautca the .stcatnoc ,revewoH Heluy Parts
ni case ’tlov-oN‘ erutaef si ,dedivorp the yaler lliw ton
reset ot sti leserp noitidnoc ni the tncvc power sliaf crbleb
the ttoitclpntoc ~csfo .yaled nI hcus rcrutcafunaut
case, 11tc
llahs yficeps the erutaef ylraelc no etll .y&r
4.7 epyT of evitU
ehT yaler opcratcd htiw ac suottorhcuys
may he awtou.
4.8 rhT y&r llahs eb elbatius for ntoitmepo tti tttcibtna
erthmepm& of - 5 ot + 4.5 .C“
5 SGNl’linCI
5.1 Rated Motor Circuit Voltage
The rated ro!ont tiucric egatlov llahs eb of eno of the
2
:
IS 5X34 ( I’ilti 2 ) 1993
5.11.1 The Iclnper;llure-rise ol’ iusul;!Icd coil in IIIC Icgildy UlilrkCd 011 Cvcry rclily:
Klily Shall tlcrl CXcCCtl Ihc lcnlperillur~-rise IilllitS a) Rdereucc IO this Indian SIitudwrd;
spccificd in T;r!de 2 whc1.1 cllcc!icJ l>V I hc viiriilliOll 01‘
h) llldiCiltillg the source of nuinuliiclure, type, alld
resisI:tncc method over a rcltircncr :~ulhien~ Icuq)era-
dcsigiralion;
turc of 40°C.
c) Rated Iime selling mnge;
d) Raled motor circuit volI;lge;
c) Rated contacI circuit voltage;
1) RaIed c.cmtilliicws c’urrcnt 0T IhC C~3lltilCt; alld
g) Rated frequency.
X.2 The relay III;IY ;IlsO IX ularkcd with the BE staudard
cerIifira!iou mark.
9 TESTS
9.0 TCSIS ilrC classified itrIo IWO (.IiIsscs, namely, 1ypC
tests iiiid roulinc lesls, as in 9.0.1 and 9.0.2.
9.0.1 Type Tests
The lollowiug shall comprise Iypc tests:
a) TempemIure-rise test on cout;lcIs dud terminals
(9.1),
6 OI’ERA’l’IN(; (:IInI~<:TEI(IS’I‘I(:S AND
1,) Temperature-rise Irst on coil (9.1),
c) VerificaIion of n~kd making and breaking
6.1 The relay shall IX! C;tpi~l>le ol’operaIing saIislirtori- cilpaeitics and n~eeh;luic;ll endurance (9.2),
ly at ilIly VQllil~C IXtWCCll X.5 t0 110 l)eWClIl Of raled d) VerificiltiOu of liniils of operation (9.3),
voltage and ill illly frequency nccwleb 95 ol IO.5 pcrccnt c) Verificillion of rcsclting time (9.4),
of the raIed I’rcqucuc’y,
I) High voltage Iest (YS), and
6.2 Limits of Error
g) Vihr;rtion Iest (9.6).
6.2.1 SetGnsqAccrrrrrcy 9.0.2 Routine tests
The variation in adual operabng lime ad set timof e aI The following shall conlprisc routine tests:
coas~an~ frequcnry shall uot exceed + 6 percent chI
a) Verifiratioii of limits of operation (9.3) and
full scale with Ihe permissible voltage rang ol’ 2 6
percent. h) High voltage test (9.5).
6.2.2 Rcpur Auwrtrcy 9.1 Ttmperuture-rise lest
The relay ~lu~ll iu;liut;liu its repeat ;\CcurWy at alI Villue 9.1.0 Ccncrirl
of 1.JClWCC.US S t0 110 percel~t 01’ filld \Ollilge alKl al knnex B gives the melhods of measurenlcnl of
coustant frequency within -c 2 percent. temperature and precautions to bc ohservcd while
7 NOKMAI, SISI<VIC:E C:ONIHT IONS carrying out the Ienq)craIure-rise nie:lsuren~cuIs. For
couductors other Ih;ll\ windiugs, the Icn~peralurc of
7.1 UlllCSS otherwise Slilted, IhC relays Shill1 he suitable diffcrcnl parts shill1 be meilsured by nleilu~ of
Ihr use under the lidlowiug scrviw CoiKliliol~s: Lheruu~nicters ;Iud/<)r I.heruIocouplcs aI the mares1
accessible portion of the hottest accessible spot.
Reference ilt~~hient Ieuq)eraIure 40°c
for tcaipcr;~lure-rise lllCilSUrCll~Cl~l 9.1.1 Ambient T~wpertrture
Maxiumm il mbient air temperature 45Oc The auCcuI Iempcmture shall he measured during the
Maximum daily average ambient air 35Oc last ~~ui~rtcr d the lest pCriad hy ulcans OI‘:II Icast three
leniperi~lure thermometers equally distributed around IIN* relay at
;IIXHJI h;lIf iIs height ;III~ ;It a distanrc ;II~OUI (WC rnetre
Maxinlunl yearly smage anllknl air 30°c
from the relay. The thcrnmuctcrs shall 1~ prolcctcd
tCl1lpCrillUrC
;lglillSt air currclits illld ht rildiitlioll.
Allitudc up IO 1 000 111; IIWVC SC;I ICVCI
9.1.2 ;li’rll~~~r(lt~~r~-r~~~ Tkst Jijr Conltrc,l.\ ~/ml Terminnl
Atlnosphercs which ilrc not hcavjly polluted This IcsI shall be made on a new relay with clean
For insIaIl;l~ious re;ls<)~l;~bly free froul vibralion
contacts. However, it shall hc permissildc, hrforc
and when insI;lllcd with a11 >hllglC of inclination heginuing Ihc ICsI, IO opci-iitc lhc relay a few limes will1
iis slm~il’iccl Ijy Ihc ina~iul~~l’turcr. or wilhout Io;itl.
8 MARKING 9.1.2.1 The relay sllilll be n~ounIcd approxinultely as
uder usual service condiIinns and shall he protecled
8.1 The following information shillI be distinctly and againsl undue rxternal healing or cooling.
3
IS 5X34 ( I’ilrt 2 ) : 1993
9.1.2.2T cmlmwry comections tu the tewinals shall lw 9.4 Veritication of Resetting ‘I’iiile
SllCll Ihill I10 i~lwmml iIl~lOlllll OK tleilt is ~~~ildll~tld
The tinw taken by the relay lo return to its inoperatcd
away CKOI~tIh e rclily during tests. U~ICSS otherwise
posilion liom ils opemtcd position by sudden removal
agreed to bctwccn I cit llli~IlLll’~~cturCr and the user, the
of the characteristic <luantity shall be dcterruincd. The
lypc illld cross-section 01’ temporary COIlllWtiOllS Shill1 rcsctting time (5.6) shall not be Inore than 0.3 second.
bc ilS spwil’ird hy t hr lu;ln\~t:,cturer iIt\tl pilrticul;lrs
recorded in the test report. 9.5 High Voltage Test
9.1.2.3 The ICillpCrii I tire-rise ICSI 011 I cit c‘l)lltilCtS;I lld 9.5.1 High voltage test shall IX llladc on a ww relay
trrlllilli;lS Shill1 IX III;I~~%;I I the rated current. Tht: test niounlrd ilS under service condilions including inlcrnal
Shill1h c illadc ti)r ii sulliriciit tiliic lilr lllc tclllpcriltllrC- wiring, ifillly ;Illd ill il ClCilll alld dry condition.
rise to re;lch ;I ~~~~~st~~~W~It IUC,b ut not cxreedillgS hours. 9.5.1.1 When the cover of the rClily is of insulation
In practirc, this condition is rc;lChd when the vari;!tiou nmtcrial nlctallic parts shalt 1~: placed at att the fixing
does not cswcd one ccntigradc dcgrcc per hour. rhcr- points in accordance with the conditions of normal
mat equilibrium shill1 also he reached t’ot the relay coil. installation of the relay and thcsc paris shall be con-
9.1.3 Tcn;r/,c,~tirrii.e-nisi, T&r [or K&y Coil sidcrcd as part ol’thc cover ol’thc relay. When the relay
is in an insulating enclosure, the latter shall be covered
The coil shall bc tested with corresponding rated cur-
by a metal foil conncctcd lo the frame.
rent flowing through the coil for the duration of the test.
The tcnq~eraturc shalt he measured when thcrtnal 9.5.2 Applictrtion of Z/ICT est Voltqe
equitibriunl is rc:;lchcdi n both coils and contact circuits The test v~ll;~gr shalt 1~~ applied for one minute as
( see 9.1.2) follows:
9.2 Vet-iticntion of Knted Muking illId i~~e~~kiog a) With the relay in operative condition:
(hpwcities and Mecht~id EIW~IIXIHX i) Betwrcn all live I~;IIIS of all poles conncctcd
9.2.1 The tests are 1uca11110 verify that the rt:lay COI~~:IC~S together and the frame fo eht relay,
are capable of lna king and breaking the current as ii) Bctwcencach poleand allotherpoles connected
specified in 5.7 illld 5.9. to the franle of the relay, and
9.2.2 Test Circuit iii) Brtwecn the terminals of one side and the ter-
The power supply used for verification for rated minals of the other side.
nmking and breaking capacities shall have adequate b) yith relay in inoperative position:
capacity to permit verification of the chamctcristics i) Bctwccn all live parls of all poles connected
dectarcd in 5.7. togelhcr and the frame of the relay, and
9.2.2.1 The test circuit may consist of either motor or ii) Bctwcen all terminals of one side connected
air r*ored reactom in scrics with the resistors. The rcsis- together and the terminals of the other side
tance and reactance of the circuit nlay bc ildjUStable to connected toget her.
suit the spccilicd set conditions given in 9.2.1.
9.5.3 Vnlrre of eht Test \loltnge
9.2.3 The test shall be applied for 0.5 x 10” times at
The test voltage shall have a practicatly sinusoidal
the rated switching frequency. During the test the
waveform and a frequency between 40 to 60 Hz. Unless
routine niaintenaricc instruclions, rrconinicndcd by
otherwise specified, the value ofthc dry one niinutc test
the nlanufacturcr nlay be carried out. The relays
vollage shall be as fnllows:
wolild have passed thr lcsl if the contacts are no1
worn out and the rn~<~hauicat n\ovcnIcnts of the relay Rcrted Contmt Circrrit Voltage Test Voltage
are salisl;rclory. VOlls volts ac (fins)
9.3 Verification of Limits of Operition Up to and including 60 1000
The operating tinle of the relays shall he tested at the 61 to 300 2000
Iwo extreme values of its time setting range and one 301 to 660 2500
intermediale value. The value of the operating time
shall not diflbr lion1 the setting by more than 2 6 9.6 Vibmtion Test
percent. The severity of tset should IX dectarcd by the nlanufac’turer.
SI 5834 ( Part 2) : 1993
XENNA A
esualC( )1.2
IS No Title IS No Title
1271 : 5X91 Ialnr.chT CWIIUZI~~OII dna -salr Part 9 lacirrcelE syaler tsrifC
noitalusni )noisiver
SitiCiltioi~ofeleCtriCill
(first revision) 2147 : 1962 Degrees of noitcetorp dedivorp
yb .serusolcne for wol egatlov
1885 (Part 9) : 1986 lacitthcetortcelE yralubacov : raeghctiws dna raeglortnoc
XENNA B
sesuufC( 11.5 dna )01.9
TNEMERIISAEM FO E&TARE’IMET
O-B DESINGOCER SDOHTEM FO -KJISAEM tors, the hot noitcnuj si derevoc htiw noitalusni dna
GNI EHT ERUTAREPMET llahs eb wrapped htiw nit liof as debircsed for blub
.sretemomreht ehT elpuocomreht tiucric dluohs eb
1.O-B ehT gniwollof three sdohtem of gnirusaem
earthed ot esintiniin the ytilibissop of ecnaticapac
erutiireplnet :desingocer
ilrt: ,stnerruc
a) retemomehT ,dohtem
3.2-B ehT gnitcetorp pad of heat gnitalusni lairetam
)b elpuorontreT ,dohtem dna deificeps ni ’2.2-B llahs eb deyolpme whether the
c) ecnatsiser-fleS .dohtem noitcnuj si detalusni or .ton
l-B RETEMOMREHT DOHTEM 4.2-B ehT dloc noitcnuj llahs eb desremnti ni lio
ylbareferp, deniatnoc ni muucav ,ksalf the erutarepmet
1.l-B eerhT epyl of sretcutoutreht ,ylclntin blub -reht
of hcihw si derusaem yb snaem of a .retemomreht
sretemom gnini~;tuoc yrucrem or lohocla attd ecnatsiser
rctemontreht yatu eb .deyolpme 5.2-B nehW the elpuocontreht si desu ot erusaem the
2.l-B nehW blub sretemomreht are desu ni secalp erthareputct of a ,rotsiser htob the nit liof gnipparw and
rhe pad llahs eb .dettimo
where crehl si yna gniyrav or gnivom citcttgant ,dleif
those gniniatnoc lohocla dluohs eb dcyolplne ni 3-B FLES ECNATSISER DOHTEM
ecncrefcrp ot those gniniatnoc yrucrem ni hcihw ydde
1.3-B nI the ecnatsiser-fles ,dohtcin the -ertharepntet
tnerruc yattt ecudorp tneicillus heat ot dleiy gnidaelsim
esir of gnidniw si denimreted yb the esaercni ni sti
.stluser .ecnatsiser
3.l-B nehW a reteinontreht si desu ot erusaem ehI
2.3-B ehT erutarepmet of the ,gnidniw as derusaem yb
crutarepntet of a ,ecafrus hcus that of a ,lioc the blub
the retemomreht erofeb gninnigeb the test, dluohs ton
llahs eb dednuorrus yb a gnipparw’elgnis of nit liof
reffid morf that of the gnidnuorrus .muidem ehT laitini
gnivah a ssenkciht of ton naht’ssel 0.09s .mn ehT liof
ecnatsiser erutarepmet of the gnidniw llahs eb
llahs eb denrut pu at the dne ot ntrof a etelpmoc -revoc
derttsaeln at that .emit roF ,elpmaxe for copper, the
llahsdnablubchtrofg~~i derucesebncht htiwtcatnocni
esir-erutnepmet yam eb detaluclac morf the gniwollof
the ecafrus rednu test. ehT exposed part gf the wrapped
:aluntrof .
blub llahs eb yletelpinoc derevoc htiw a pad of -taeh
gnitalusni lairetam tuohtiw yludnu gnidleihs the test 2R T, + K.
-=-
ecafrus morf la~nron .gnilooc RI T, +K
4.l-B nehW a retentonneht si desu ot erusaem the :erehw
crthareptuct fo a ,rotsiser the blub llahs ton eb wrapped
htiw the .liof 2R = ecnatsiseR of gnidniw lanif.ta ,erutarepmet
2-B ELPJIOCOIVUIEHT DOHTEM RI = ecnatsiseR of gniduiw at laitini ,erutarepmet
2T = laniF erutarepn&t of gnidniw ni degree C
1.2-B ehT two srotcudnoc tteewteb hcihw the -ontreht
lacirtcele effect si decudorp llahs eb deredlos dedlewro TI = laitinI erutarepmet of gnidniw in degree C dna
at htob the hot dna the dloc .snoitcnuj K = 234.5 for copper ,seriw dna 225 for munimula
2.2-B nehW deilppa ot the ecafrus of the evil -cudnoc .seriw
5
