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IS 5451 (2001): Glossary of Terms Relating to Coal
Carbonization Products [PCD 6: Bitumen Tar and their
Products]
“!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण”
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee””
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै”
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
(Reaffirmed - 2011)
Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO COAL
CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS
(First Revision)
ICs 75.140
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0 BIS 2001
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Afovewber200I Price Group 4
_&t
Bitumen, Tar and Their Products Sectional Committee, PCD 6
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized
by the Bitumen,Tar and their Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Petroleum, Coal and
Related Products Division Council.
This Indian Standard on glossary of terms relating to coal carbonization products was originally published in
1969. The sectional committee felt that the standard does not cover allaspects of coal carbonization technique
and therefore, taking cognizance of rapid progress in coal carbonization industry, the carbonization terms in
vogue and referred in coke oven practices, decided to revise the same.
In the preparation of this standard, considerable assistance has been derived from the following publications:
1S0 1543:1981 Bensole Industry — Vocabulary used inthe benzole industry
Standard Method for Testing Tar and its Products Ed 6, 1967. Standardization Tar Products Tests
Committee, London.
The composition of the Committee responsible for formulation of this standard isgiven in Annex A.
Is 5451:2001
Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO COAL
CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS
(First Revision)
1SCOPE anthracene. Thematerial isusually intheform ofpaste
owing to presence of oil content.
This standard defines technical terms relating to coal
carbonization product. Anthracene 40percent —Aquality crude anthracene
purified to an anthracene content of approximately
2 TERMINOLOGY
40 percent (m/m) and a solid paraffins content not
exceeding 0.05 percent (m/m).
A
B
Acid Sludge — The residue obtained during the acid
washing of crude benzole.
Bases,Crude Tar —Themixture ofthoseconstituents
which may be extracted from distillates of coal tar by
Ammoniacal Liquor — Adilute aqueous solution of
dilute mineral acid and subsequent sprinkling by
ammonia to about 3percent) andammonium salts
(Lip
(mainly sulfide, carbonate andchloride) together with alkali. The mixture consists essentially of basic
phenols and other organic compounds, formed in compounds ofthepyridine orquinoline series or both.
hydraulic Imains,condensers and scrubbers. Bases,Refined Tar — Amixture oftarbasesobtained
Ammoniacal Liquor, Concentrated — An aqueous byprocessing ofcrude tar basesconsisting essentially .
ofpyridine anditshomologies. Inthetrade, amixture
solution ofammonia (15to25percent) andammonium
oftar bases distilling lessthan 20 percent at 160”Cis
salts, produced by distilling ammonical liquor under
such conditions that part of the carbon dioxide and sometimes known as ‘refined heavy bases’.
hydrogen sulphide isremoved. Beehive Coke — Coke obtained by carbonization of
Ammonia, Fixed — Ammonia in the form of coal inabeehive oven.
ammonium salts in solution from which ammonia is
Benzole and Allied Products — Collection of
not liberated when the solution isboiled. aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and itshomologies)
Ammonia, Free — Ammonia libe rated by boiling a pure or commercially pure, isolated or in mixtures,
solution of ammonium salts or ammonia. and whether or not containing impurities in a
substantial proportion provided thatthe aromatic type
Ammonia Still Effluent — Adark red-brown liquid
products predominate inthe bulk of the mixture.
resulting from distillation ofammoniacal liquor.Non-
volatile acid radicals are present as calcium salts, if NOTE— Itisnotusualtoincludeinthisexpressioncertainpure
hydrocarbonsofthearomaticserieswhich,althoughtheyexistin
the ammonia compounds have been decomposed by
crudebenzoleorincertainhavefractions,aremainlyobtainedby
distillation with Iime, but otherwise they are present synthesis(forexample,i.w-propylbenz.ene).
as ammonium salts. A proportion of the phenols
Bensole, Crude — The product recovered by
present in the food to the still remains inthe effluent
scrubbing coal carbonization gases with wash oil
liquor.
(petroleum or tar based). [t consists essentially of
Anthracene, Crude — The solid product, containing benzene and its homologies together with saturated
anthracene, obtained on cooling the coal tar distillate and unsaturated hydrocarbons, sulphur compounds
collected above 270°C. and other minor constituents. Pyridine bases and
phenols may also be presenting insome cases.
Anthracene Oil — The heaviest distillable coal tar
fraction with distillation range 271”C-399°C Benzole Forerunnings — See ‘Distillation Fronts’.
containing creosate oil anthracene, phenanthrene,
Benzole, Industrial — The material recovered by
carbazole and so on.
fractionation and refining of crude benzole, usually
Anthracene Paste/Powder — Unrefined crude boiling at about 100”C.
anthracene containing 15 to 35 percent (m/m)
Benzole, Motor —Mixtureofhydro carbons intended
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1s5451 :2001
for use ina motor fuel isappropriate. Coke Oven Gas — [tisabyeproduct fuelgas,derived
from coking coals by the process of carbonization.
Benzole Stripping—Treatment of coal gas or gas
obtained from the process of coal carbonization with Coke Oven Gas, Rion — Coke oven gas from which
the object of extracting all or a part of its benzole benzole hydrocarbon have not been stripped off.
content.
Coke, Run-of-Chamber Cokefromachamber, oven
Benzolized Gas — See ‘Unstrapped Gas’. orretort before undergoing
Coke, Run-or-Oven
any screening or other
Black End — Part of a charge incompletely
Coke, Run-of-Retort } preparation
carbonized as a result of its position in or near the
mouthpiece ofahorizontal retort, orthedoorofacoke Creosote Oil — The oil or a blend of oils obtained
oven. from coaltaranddistilling between 230°Cand 300°C.
The term ‘creosote oil’ should always be associated
Blast Furnace Coke — See ‘Metallurgical Coke’.
with an indication of the type of coal tar from which
Blocks Coke — Coke which may be broken most the oil has been produced, for example, high
readily into approximately cubic pieces. temperature coal tar creosote oil.
Crecsotes — Crude or processed heavy factions of
c coal tar blended suitably to comply with the
specification.
Carbolic Acid — Amixture of monohydric phenols
of substantial phenol content. Cresols — The tar acids mostly methylphenols
obtained by fractional distillation of carbolic acid
Carbolic Oil (Middle Oil) — It is coal tar fraction
recovered from coal tar~having a crystallizing point
with a distillation range of 199°C-271‘C containing
below 20”C and building upto 205”C.
mainly naphthalene, phenol and cresols.
Cresylic Acid — A mixture of monohydric phenols,
Carbonization — Operation consisting of the
essentially cresols and higher homologies.
treatment of coal by heat in a closed chamber/retort
4
in the absence of air, usually with the object of Cresylic Acid, Refined — A mixture of monohydric
producing coke or gas. phenols, consisting essentially of cresols, with or
without xylenols and with or without a small portion
Carbonization, High Temperature — Thecoke mass
ofphenol.
temperature is kept around 900°C-1 10O°C. The ----
process isused to prepare blast furnace coke. Cresylic Crecsote — Crecosote oil containing
substantialamountsofphenolsandusuallyconforming
Carbonization, Low Temperature — Carbonization
to a specification, especially in regard to its phenols
carried out generally at a coke mass temperature
content. Itmay beobtained directly bythe distillation
between 450°C to 700”C. The pro cess is used to
ofcoal tar,or itmay beanoil inwhich the proportion
prepare smokeless fuels.
of phenols has been adjusted to comply with the
Carbonization, Medium Temperature — specification.
Carbonization carried out generally at a coke mass
Crude Gas — Amixture of gases resulting from the
temperature between 700”C and 900°C.
removal of all or nearly all the tar and most of the
Char — Solid enriched carbon product obtained by water vapour from raw gas by condensation.
low temperature carbonization of solid carbonaceous
material or by fluidized bed carbonization process, D
Coal Gas — It is the mixture of volatile products Debenzolized Gas — See ‘Stripped gas’.
(mainly hydrogen, methane, CO and nitrogen)
Dephenolation — Removing phenols from coal tar
remaining after removal of water and tar , obtained
distillate or distillate fractions or an aqueous liquid
from carbonization of coal having a heat content of
(such as ammoniacal liquor) or from a vapour, by
14.904 to 22.356 kJ/1.
suitable physical or chemical method with a suitable
Coal Tar Oil, Light — The product usually distills agent (such as activated carbon, benzole, creosote or
between 60”Cand 180”C. sodium hydroxide solution).
Coal Tar Paint — Black paint based on coal tar. Distillation Fronts — The firstfraction obtained from
thedistillation ofcrude benzole. This fraction usually
Coal Breeze — The finer sizes of coke below 6 mm
distills below about 65°C.
obtained by screening.
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1s 5451:2001
NOTE — ItcontainsmostoftheIightimpuritiesfromthecrudes frombenzolesarecloselyrelatedtothemethodsusedfortheirde-
benzoleaswellascarbondisulphideandcyclopentadierre. termination.Forthis,amonganumberofreasons,thesameterms 4..+
mayhavedtffenmtsigniticrrnceinothersectors(suchaspetroleum). ?
Distillation Tails (Residue) — Products distillation -4
above 200”C. Gum, Existent — The residue from the evaporation 5
of hydrocarbons during the specified test.
NOTE — They may containsuchimpuritiesasnaphthalene, d~:,,4,
‘,,
phenol,pyridinebasesandalsoasmallproportionofbenzole Gum, Potential — The gum which is not contained J
absorbingoil of thecrudebenzole acdsomeresin-forming inthehydrocarbon atthemoment ofthetestbutwhich
products.Theyareottencolourcd.
may be formed later if the product is placed under
conditions which induce the resinification of unstable
F constituents.
Foul Gas — See ‘Crude Gas’. NOTE—Potentialgumisactuallyequaltothedit~erentbetween
totalgumandexistentgum.
Foundry Coke — Hard coke of size over 60 mm
Gum, Total — The residue from the evaporation of
depending onthe internal diameter ofcupola, suitable
hydrocarbons after,promoting, inspecified conditions,
for use in foundry cupola melting furnaces.
theresinitication ofallunsaturated constituents which
Fuels, Coal Tar — Coal tar products ranging from may be converted into gum.
creosote to hard pitch, which maybe liquid or solid at
ordinary temperatures andconforming tospecification H
which define their applicability as fuels. A coal tar
Hard Coke — Acomprehensive term which includes
fuel isdesignated by anumber representing approxi-
metallurgical and foundry coke and also certain types
mately the temperature in Fahrenheit at which the
ofdomestic coke.
viscosity is 100 seconds on the No. 1. Redwood
viscometer. This isthe viscosity atwhich thefuelmay Heating Gas — Gas supplied for heating.
beatomized satisfactorily. Thenormal gradesareCTF
Heavy Oil — A heavy coal tar fraction with
50, 100,200,250,300 and 400, The grades CTF 200
distillation range usually 249”C-299°C containing
and above are pitch creosotes.
naphthalene and coal tar bases.
NOTE — TheCTFdesignationnumbersareatpresentrelatedto
Fahrenheitscaleoftempcratureandwouldbeamendedwhenin-
dustryadoptsdesignationnumbersrelatedtothecelsiusscale. I
Fuel Pulverizable, Coal Tar — Coal tar pitch of Inerts — Constituents of a solid, liquid or gaseous
suitable high softening point so that it is non- fuelwhich donot contribute to itscalorific value. The
agglomerating when stored in powdered form at usual inerts in a solid fuel are moisture and mineral
normal air temperatures. matter and in gaseous fuels carbon dioxide, oxygen,
nitrogen, etc.
G lnsolttble Matter — The solid carbonaceous matter
remaining after theextraction ofcoal tar or pitch with
Gas Coke — The solid residue from the distillation
pure benzene, toluene, quinoline or certain other
of coals of high volatile content at high temperature
solvents.
in gas making retorts.
Gas Liquor, Concentrated — An aqueous solution L
of ammonia (10 to 20 percent) and ammonia salts,
Lead Gas — Gas of relatively low calorific value.
suchascarbonate and sulphide, produced bydistilling
ammoniacal liquor. Low Temperature Sprit, Crude — Acrude product
extracted from the.gas of the tar obtained by low
Graded Coke — See ‘Sized Coke’.
temperature carbonization ofcoalandhaving arelative
Green Gas — See’ Raw Gas’. density at 27°C/270C between 0.790 to 0.850. The
product normally contains larger proportions of
Green Oil — See ‘Antbracene Oil’.
paraffins, naphthenes and unsaturated hydrocarbons
Gum — Non-volatile resinous products of high than crude benzole.
molecular mass derived from the oxidation,
condensation and polymerization of unsaturated M
hydrocarbon present in the aromatic hydrocarbons
Metallurgical Coke — This typically contains 85-88
found in the gas stream or in the liquid stream.
percent fusedcarbon, 9to 11percent ashand2percent
NOTE —Thecharacteristicsattributedtodifferenttypesofgum volatiles.
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1s5451 :2001
N Pitch Coke — Coke obtained by carbonization of
suitable processed coal tar pitch. “
Naphtha, Heavy (Coal Tar Solvent Naphtha) — A
fraction of 1ight oil or of crude benzole conforming to
a specification and distilling substantially between R
160”C and 190°C.
Raw Gas — A mixture of permanent gases, vapours
Naphthalene, Crude —The solidproduct, consisting and tar fog evolved from coal during carbonization.
essentialIyof naphthalene. obtained on cooling crude
Retort Carbon –-A layer of carbon formed on the
intermediate fractions (205°C to 235°C) from the
innersurfaces ofhigh temperature carbonizing vessels
distillation ofcoaltar.Crude naphthalene issometimes
by decomposition of hydrocarbons during
obtained during the purification of coal gas.
carbonization. It isperiodically removed by allowing
Naphthalene, Hot-Pressed — Crude naphthalene air to pass over the carbon on the hot retort or even
generally processed in a heated hydrualic or screw surfaces. This operation is termed as scurfing or
press and having a crystallizing point generally not scaling.
below 77.5”C. Naphthalene of similar quality
Rich Gas — Gas of relatively high calorific value
produced byother means isalsoknown inthetrade as
consisting mainly of lower gaseous hydrocarbons.
hot-pressed naphthalene.
Road Tar — High temperature tar treated to make it
Naphthalene Oils — Acoal tar creosote oildistilling
suitable for surfacing or dressing of roads.
substantially in the range of 206°C to 235°C and
containing “acommercial quantity of recoverable
s
naphthalene.
Naphthalene, Refined — A white solid consisting Scaling — Operation ofperiodical removal ofthe layer
essentially of naphthalene, melting to a colorless of carbon formed on the inner surfaces of high
liquid and having acrystallizing point notbelow than temperature carbonizing vesselsbyallowing airtopass
79.4”C. over it.
Naphtha, Solvent — Aproduct consisting essentially Scurfing — See ‘Scaling’.
of the xylenes together with their homologies and
Sized Coke — Coke in lumps, of sizes between
co-nforming to a specification.
specified limits obtained by screening.
Neutral Oil — Carbolic oilsfrom whichphenols have
Soft Coke — Coke obtained by low temperature
been removed.
carbonization of coal and also by partial combustion
inopen air.
P
Stripped Gas — Gas from which benzole has been
Pan Breeze — Coke breeze recovered from producer removed.
ashes.
Pan Coke — Coke recovered from producer ashes. T
Phenol — Synonymous with monohydroxybenzene. Tar — Aviscous material having adhesive properties
and resulting from the destructive distillation of
Phenols, Coal Tar — The mixture of those
organic material. The word ‘tar’ should be preceded
constituents of coal tar or of coal tar fractions which
bythe name ofthe material from which itisproduced
arereacted withandremain soluble inaqueous sodium
for example coal, shale, peat, vegetable matter, etc,
hydroxide solution. The mixture consists of
and itsmode of production should also be indicated.
monohydric, dihydric or other higher homologies of
phenols. Tar Acids — Amixture of constituents of coal tar or
coaltarfractionsextractable withaqueous caustic soda
Phenols, High Boiling — Synonymous with high
and springing by acids and consisting mainly of
boiling tar acids.
monohydric phenols.
Pitch, Coal Tar — The black or dark brown solid or
Tar Acids, High Boiling — Mixture of tar acids
semi-solid fusible and agglomerative residue
boiling mostly above 230”C.
remaining after partial evaporation or fractional
distillation of coal tars. They are usually graded on Tar Coal —Tar producedbythecarbonization ofcoal.
thebasisoftheir softening points assoft,softmedium,
Tar, Coke Oven — Coaltarproduced asaby-product
hard medium, hard, extra hard, etc.
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1s5451 :2001 .—
at coke oven plant during the manufacture of coke u
fkombituminous coal.
Unsaturated Gas — Gas from which benzole hasnot
Tar, Dolomite — A special grade of processed tar beenrecovered.
used asabinder forthemanufacture ofdolomite brick.
w
Tar, High Temperature — Obtained asaby-product
in the high temperature carbonization of coal. Wash Oil (Benzole Absorbing Oil) — A high
temperature coaltarcreosote oildistilling substantially
Tar, Low Temperature — Obtained asaby-product
between 200”Cand 300”Cused for benzole stripping.
inthe low temperature carbonization of coal.
Also applied to a petroleum fraction distilling
Tar, Refined — Tar from which water and the more substantially between 250° and 370°C.
volatile oils have been removed by distillation.
x
Toluole, Industrial — The material obtained by
fractionation and refining of crude benzole, usually Xylenols — A mixture of tar acids consisting
boiling at about 11O“C,mainly consisting of toluene essentially ofdimethyl phenols obtained bydistillation
(methyl benzene). after recovery of phenols and cresols.
Town Gas — It is agaseous mixture of coal gas and Xylole, Industrial — The material obtained by
carbureted water gas manufactured from coal with a fractionation and refining of crude benzoie, usually
heat content of 22.356 kJ/1, boiling in the range of 135°C to 142”C, mainly
consisting of xylenes (dimethyl benzenes).
5
