Table Of Contentइंटरनेट मानक
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“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”
IS 15648 (2006): Pulverized fuel ash for lime-pozzolana
mixture applications - [CED 4: Building Limes and Gypsum
Products]
“!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण”
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee””
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै”
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“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
IS 15648:2006
Indian Standard
PULVERIZED FUEL ASH FOR LIME-POZZOLANA
MIXTURE APPLICATIONS — SPECIFICATION
ICS91.1OO.1O
0 BIS 2006
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
April 2006 Price Group 2
Building Lime and Gypsum Products Sectional Committee, CED 4
FOREWORD
This IndianStandard wasadopted bytheBureauofIndianStandards, afterthedrafl finalized bytheBuilding Limeand
Gypsum Products Sectional Committee hadbeen approved byCivil Engineering Division Council.
Pulverized tire]ash isaresidue resulting tlom the combustion of ground or powdered or crushed bituminous coal or
lignite.About-80percent ofthetotal ashisfinelydivided andgetsoutofboiler alongwith fluegasesand iscollected by
suitable technologies. This ashgenerally and inthisstandard istermed asflyash. Itissometimes referred aschimney
ashor hopper ash. The balance about 20 percent ofashgets collected atthe bottom ofthe boiler and istaken out by
suitabletechnologies and isreferred asbottom ash.Flyashiscollected andstored indrycondition. Whenflyashalone
oralongwith bottom ashiscarried to storage ordeposition lagoonorpond inthe formofwater slurry anddeposited, it
istermed aspond ash. Whereas ifflyash,aloneoralongwithbottom ashiscarried toastorage ordeposition siteindry
form and deposited, itistermed asmound ash.
Pulverized fuel ash is available in large quantities inthe country as a by-product from a number of thermal power
stations and industrial plants usingpulverized orcrushed orground coalorlignite asfuelforboilers. Theeffective use
of pulverized fuel ash as a pozzolana inthe manufacture of and for part replacement of cement, as an admixture in
cement,mortar andconcrete and inlime-pozzolana mixture hasbeen further established inthecountry inrecentyears.
Recentinvestigations of Indianpulverized fuelasheshaveindicated greater scopefortheir utilization asa construction
material. Greater utilization ofpulverized fuelashwillleadtonotonlysaving ofscarce construction materialsbutalso
assistinsolvingtheproblem ofdisposalofthiswasteproduct.Therecent investigations havealsoindicatedthenecessi~”
to provide proper collection methods for flyashsoastoyield flyashofgood quality and uniformity whichare prime
requirements of fly ash for use asa construction material. This standard has been prepared to give general guidance
regarding suitability ofpulverized fuel ash for itsuseinIime-pozzolana mixture applications.
.,,,
Improvements have taken place over time in combustion technologies and ash collection technologies. These
technological developments have resulted inimprovement inashqualities; especially the fineness and lossofignition
andsegregation ofashesofdifferent finenesswithmoreeaseandaccuracy.Technologies havealso beendeveloped for
a large number of utilizations of wide range of pulverized fuel ash. Application of technologies in the collection,
transportation and deposition of ash have also resulted inavailability ofpulverized fuel ash infour forms, namely fly
ash,bottom ash,pond ash and mou nd ash.
Inviewoftheabove, itwasdecided tobringoutaseriesofspecificationsforpulverized fuelashforvariousapplications.
Thespecifications ofpulverized fuelashforuseaspozzolana andadmixture incement,mortar andconcrete andforuse
asfineaggregates inmortar and concrete are covered inIS3812 (Part 1) :2003 ‘Pulverized fuel ash– Specification:
Part 1Foruseaspozzolana incement, cement mortar andconcrete’ and IS3812 (Part 2) :2003 ‘Pulverized fuelash–
Specification: Part 2 For useas admixture incement mortar andconcrete’.
Following arethehighlights ofthis standard:
a) Twogrades ofpulverized fuelashhavebeenspecified based onfineness, particles retained on45micronand
lime reactivity; Grade 1 for use in lime based air/water cured and steam cured (at atmospheric pressure)
products, and Grade 2 for use inlimebased autoclave products.
b) Classification of flyashbased on itslimecontent has alsobeen incorporated.
c) Requirement fortotal chlorides hasbeen incorporated asthe same isimportant from durability pointofview.
d) Requirement ofreactive silica (as anoptional test) hasbeen included for improved limereactivity.
e) Maximum limit of lossof ignition has been specified forbetter performance.
0 Requirement of particles retained on 45 micron IS sieve has been included for better grading as an
optional test.
@ Concept of improvement of properties of pulverized fuel ash through beneficiation, segregation and
processing hasbeen introduced.
(Continued on third cover)
1S15648:2006
Indian Standard
PULVERIZED FUEL ASH FOR LIME-POZZOLANA
MIXTURE APPLICATIONS — SPECIFICATION
1 SCORE 3.6 Bottom Ash — Pulverized fuel ash collected from
the bottom of boilers byany suitable process.
This standard covers the extraction and the physical and
chemical requirements of pulverized fuel ash for use in
3.7 Pond Ash— Flyashorbottom ashorboth mixed in
limebased products like bricks, blocks, concrete, etc.
anyproportion and conveyed inthe form of water slurry
and deposited inpond or lagoon.
2 REFERENCES
Thestandards listed inAnnexAcontain provisions which
3.8 Mound Ash— Flyashor bottom ashorboth mixed
through reference inthistext, constitute provisions ofthis
in any proportion and conveyed or carried in dry form
standard. Atthetimeofpublication, theeditions indicated
and deposited dry.
werevalid.Allstandardsaresubjecttorevisionandparties
toagreementsbasedonthese standards areencouraged to
4 DESIGNATION “
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent
Pulverized fhel ash shall be supplied inthe following
editions ofthe standards indicated inAnnex A.
two grades corresponding to the properties specified
in7and8:
3 TERMINOLOGY
Grade General Use (see Note)
For the purpose ofthis standard, the definitions given in
Designation
1S4305 andthe following shall apply.
Grade 1 : Foruseinlimebasedair/water curedand
3.1 Pulverized FuelAsh—Ashgenerated byburningof steam cured (at atmospheric pressu,,re)
groundorpulverizedorcrushedcoalorlignitefreedboilers. products.
Itcanbe flyash,bottom ash, pond ashor mound ash. Grade 2 : Foruseinlimebasedautoclave products.
3.2 Siliceous Pulverized Fly Ash— Pulverized fiel ash
NOTE — Grade 1can beusedinplace ofGrade 2.
withreactive calcium oxide lessthan 10percent, bymass.
Suchflyasharenormallyproduced t? omburninganthracite 5 EXTRACTION OF PULVERIZED FUEL ASH
orbituminous coal and haspozzolanic properties.
5.1 Flyashmaybeextracted fromfluegasesofgroundor
3.3’Calcareous Pulverized FuelAsh— Pulverized fuel pulverized or crushed coal or lignite tired boilers byany
ashwithreactive calcium oxide not lessthan 10percent, suitable process; such as by cyclone separation or
bymass.Suchflyasharenormally produced from lignite electrostaticprecipitation;bottomashtlomtheboilersshall
or sub-bitumenous coal and have both pcrzzolanic and notbeaddedtotheflyash.Flyashcollected atlaterstages
hydraulic properties. ofelectrostaticprecipitatorisfinerthantheflyashcollected
at initial stages ofelectrostatic precipitator.
3.4 Reactive Calcium Oxide (CaO) —That fraction of
thecalciumoxidewhichundernormalhardeningcondition 5.2 Bottom ash may be extracted from the bottom of
can form calcium silicate hydrates or calcium aluminate ground orpulverized orcrushedcoalorlignitefiredboiler
hydrates. by any suitable process. It is generally in the form of
clinkers, which are ground or broken to smaller size to
NOTE - Toevaluate thisfraction, thetotal calcium oxide contents facilitate extraction.
isto be reduced by the fraction calculated ascalcium corbonate
(CaCOJ), basedonthemeasured carbon dioxide (CO,) contentand
5.3 When fly ash and bottom ash are mixed and
thefraction calculated ascalcium sulphate (CaS04), basedon-the
measured sulphate (S03), content, disregarding the S03 taken up transported intheformofwaterslurrytoalagoonorpond
byalkalis. forstorage,itiscalledpondash.Pondashmaybe extracted
from the pond or lagoon by conventional excavation
3.5 Fly Ash — Pulverized tie] ash extracted from flue techniques.
gasesbyartysuitableprocess suchasbycycloneseparator
orelectro-static precipitator. 5.4 Whenflyashandbottomasharemixedandtransported
1
-IS15648:2006
indryformtoastorageordepositionsite,itiscalledmound ash shallbe as agreed to between the purchaser and the
ash. Mound ash may be extracted from the mound by supplier.Alltests fortheproperties specified in7.1shall,
conventional excavation techniques. however, becarried out on oven dry samples.
,,
6 -BENEF-ICIATION, SEGREGATION AND
8 PIWS[~AL ~lIQUIREMENTS
PROCESSING OF PULVER2kIED FUEL ASH
Pulv&ized’fuel ash, when tested in accordance with the
methods oftestspecified inIS 1727,shallconform tothe
6.1 Pulverized fuel ash as collected, if does not
physical requirements given inTable 2.
conforms to requirement of this standard or if required
otherwise, may be processed andlor beneficiated andfor
9 STORAGE
segregated to mod”ify its physical or chemical
characteristics. Pulverizedfuel ashmaybestored inaccordance withthe
recommendation given inIS4082 forcement.
6.2 Appropriate technologies may be applied for
beneficiation, segregation and processing of any form of 10 MANUFACTURER’S CERTIFICATE, ~~
pulverized fuelashtoimprove itsproperties, suchaslime The supplier/manufacturer -shallsatis~ himself that the
reactivity, 10SSof ignition, particle size distribution and pulverized fuelash conforms to the requirements ofthis
any of other physical and chemical properties. Some of standard, and if mutually agreed upon shall furnish a
thetechnologies that maybeused areburning/removal of certificate to this effect to the purchaser or his
unburned carbon, sievingfgrading of fineness, grinding/ representative.
attrition for reducing particle size, thermal treatment and
blending of flyashof different qualities. 11 DELIVERY
7 CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS 11.1 Supplies of pulverized fuel ash may be made in
bulk insuitable quantities mutually agreeduponbetween
7.1 Pulverized fuel ash, shall conform to the chemical the purchaser andthe supplier. Where sorequired bythe
requirements given inTable 1. purchaser,thepulverized fuelashmayalsobesuppliedin
yellow bags (jute, jute-laminated, multiple paper or
7.2 Limits regarding moisture content ofpulverized fuel polyethylene lined) bearing the net mass (may be’15kg,
Table 1Chemical Requirements
,,’. ,,
(Clause 7.1)
,.
SI Characteristic. : ‘ Requirement for Methodof
No. Grade1 Test,
andGrade2 Ref toIS
Pulverized Fuel Ash
,, Siliceous Calcareous
Pulverized Pulverized
Fuel Ash Fuel Ash
(]} (2) (3) (4) (5)
i) Silicon dioxide (SiOJ plus aluminium oxide (A120,) 70 50 1727
plusiron oxide (Fe~OJ inpercent by mass,Mitr
ii) Silicon dioxide (SiOJ inpercent bymass,A&r 35 25 1727
,,
iii) Reactive silica inpercent by mass;),tiitr 20 15 3812 (Part 1)
!,, ,,
iv) Magnesium oxide (MgO) in per~ent by mass, Max 5.0 5.0 1727
v) Total sulphur assulphur trioxide (SO,) inpercent bymass, Max 5.0 50 I727
vi) Available alkalis assodium oxide (NalO) inpercent bymass,Max 2.5 2.5 4032
vii) Total chlorides inpercenf bymass, Max’ 0.05 . 0,05 124232)
,.
viii) Lossonignitiorr inpercent by mass, A4ax 5.0 5.0 1727
I~Optionatlest,
2)Forthepuwoseofthist~t, wherever reference tO cement has bee nmade, itmay bereadaspulverized fuel ash,
2
IS 15648:2006
Table2Physical Requirements
(Clauses 8and 12.1)
,
S1No. Characteristic Requirement
Grade1 Grade2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) Fineness-specific surface by Blaine’s permeabil ity method inm2/kg ,Min 250 200
ii) Particles retained on45microrr IS sieve (wet sieving) inpercent]), kfax 40 45
iii) Lime reactivity - average compressive strength inN/mmz, Mirr 3,5. 3.0
“Optional test. ,,,
:.;1
,, ,,
30kg,40kg, 300kg,600kg, 800kgasagreedtobetween the overall tolerance on net mass of pulverized fuel ash
the purchaser and the supplier), supplier’s name or shallbeOto+0.5.percent;” ~ ‘ ““ <
registered trade-mark, if any,The tolerance on the mass
ofpulverized fuelashineachbagorconsignment shallbe 12 MARKING
as mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the,” -,,*:,:#}‘
supplier. 12.1 Each bag/consignment of pulverized tiel ash shall
be clearly and permanently marked with the following
11.2 Tolerance Requirements’ for the Mass of information:
Pulverized Fuel Ash Packed in Bags a) Identification ofthe manufacturer ofpulverized
fuel ash;
11.2,1 Theaveragenetmassofpulverized fuelashpacked
b) T~e of pulverized fuel ash,that is,siliceous or
inbagsattheplant inasample shallbe equal to ormore
calcareous as applicable;
than 15kg, 30 kg, 40 kg, 300 kg, 600 kg or 800 kg as ,.,.
c) Form of pulverized fuel ash, that is fly ash and
applicable. The number of bags in a sample shall be as
itsminimum fineness asper Table2;
givenbelow:
d) Batch/Control unitNo.;
Batch Size Sample Size
e) Net mass;
100to 150 20
f) Month andyear of packing and
151to280 32
g) Anyother identification markasrequired bythe
281 to 5.00 50
purchaser.
501to 1200 80
1201 to3 200 125 12.2 BIS Certification Marking
3201 and over 200 The pulverized fiel ash may also be marked with the
Standard Mark.
The bags in a sample shall be selected at random
(see IS4905). 12.2.1 The useofthe Standard Mark isgoverned bythe
provisions of the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986
11.2.2 The number ofbags inasample showing aminus and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The
error greaterthan2percent ofthespecified netmassshall details ofconditions under which alicence fortheuseof
benotmorethan 5percent ofthebags inthesample.Also Standard Mark may be granted to the manufacturers or
the minuss=morinnone.ofsuchbags inthe sample shall theproducers maybe obtained fromtheBureau ofIndian
exceed 4 percent of the specified net mass ofpulverized Standards.
fuel ashinthe bag.
13 SAMPLING
NOTE—Thematterin11.2.1 and11.2,2.are extracts based on
theStandardsofWeightsandMeasures(PackagedCommodities) 13,1 Asampleorsamples fortestingmaybe takenbythe
Rules, 1977to which reference shall be made for full details.
purchaserorhisrepresentative, orbyanypersonappointed
Any modification made inthese Rules and other related Acts and
to superintend the work for purchase of which the
Rules would apply automatically.
pulverized fuel ash is required or by the later’s
11.2.3 Incaseofawagon or truck load of 5to25tonne , representative.
3
IS 15648:2006
13.2 lnaddition totherequirements of13.1, themethods fuel ash shall be carried out as it issupplied. Incasethe
and procedure of sampling shall be in accordance with pulverized fuel ash supplied is to be beneficiated or
IS6491. segregatedorprocessed, thetestsshallbecarried outonly
afterbeneficiation,segregationorprocessingasapplicable.
,
13.3 Facilities for Sampling and Identifying
14.3 Independent Testing
The supplier shall afford every facility, and shallprovide
alllabourandmaterialsfortakingandpackingthesamples
14.3.1 If the purchaser or his representative requires
for testing the pulverized fuel ash and for subsequent
independent test the samples shall be taken before or
identification ofpulverized fuel ash sampled.
immediately after delivery atthe option of the purchaser
or his representative, and the tests shall be carried outi
14 TESTS
arrangedbythepurchaserinaccordancewiththisstandard.
The supplier shall make available, fkee of charge, the
14.1 The sample or samples of pulverized fuel ash for pulverized fbelashrequired fortesting.
testshallbetakenasdescribed in13andshallbetested in
accordancewith 7 and 8. 14.3.2 After a representative sample has been drawn,
tests on the sample shall be carried out as expeditiously
14.2 All tests for the properties of the pulverized aspossible.
ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS
IsNo. Title ISNo. Title
.,,,
1727:1967 Methods of test for pozzolanic storage of construction materials
material (first revision) and components at site (second
revision)
3812 (Part 1): 2003 Pulverized fuel ash —
Specification: Part 1 For use as 4305:1967 Glossary of terms relating to
pozzolana
pozzolanaincement,cementmortar
and concrete (second revision)
4905:1968 Methods forrandom sampling
4032:1985 Method of chemical analysis of
6491:1972 Methods ofsampling flyash
hydraulic cement (ji+strevision)
12423:1988 Methodforcalorimetric analysisof
4082:1996 Recommendations forstackingand hydraulic cement
4
(Continuedfrom second cover)
h) Net mass of pulverized tie] ash packing in bags has been specified; specific colours of 30 kg bags for
packing hasbeen suggested to distinguish itfromcement bags.
Forthepurpose ofdeciding whether aparticular requirement ofthisstandard iscomplied with,thefinalvalue,observed
orcalculated, expressing the result ofatestor analysisshallberounded off inaccordance with IS2: 1960‘Rulesfor
rounding offnumerical values (revised)’. Thenumber ofsignificantplacesretained intherounded offvalueshouldbe
the sameasthat ofthe specified value inthis standard.
