irrigation performance assessment of jurala project command area using remote sensing and gis

216 Pages·2016·11.64 MB·English

IRRIGATION PERFORMANCE
ASSESSMENT OF JURALA PROJECT
COMMAND AREA USING REMOTE
SENSING AND GIS

BY

T. L. NEELIMA

                   M.Sc. (Ag.)

THESIS SUBMITTED TO
ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF 

DOCTOR OF PHILISOPHY IN AGRICULTURE

(AGRONOMY)

CHAIRPERSON: Dr. M. DEVENDER REDDY

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD-500 030

2011
DECLARATION

I, Mrs T.L. NEELIMA, hereby declare that the thesis entitled “IRRIGATION
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF JURALA PROJECT COMMAND AREA
USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS” submitted to the Acharya N. G. Ranga
Agricultural University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture is the
result of original research work done by me. I also declare that no material contained in
the thesis has been published earlier in any manner.

Place: Hyderabad (T.L. NEELIMA)
Date: I.D No. RAD/07 - 01

i i
CERTIFICATE

Mrs. T.L. NEELIMA has satisfactorily prosecuted the course of research and
that the thesis entitled “IRRIGATION PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF
JURALA PROJECT COMMAND AREA USING REMOTE SENSING AND
GIS” submitted is the result of original research work and is of sufficiently high
standard to warrant its presentation to the examination. I also certify that neither the
thesis nor its part thereof has been previously submitted by her for a degree of any
university.

Date: (M. DEVENDER REDDY)
Chairperson

ii i
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “IRRIGATION PERFORMANCE
ASSESSMENT OF JURALA PROJECT COMMAND AREA USING REMOTE
SENSING AND GIS” submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of ‘Doctor of philosophy in Agriculture’ of the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural
University, Hyderabad is a record of the bonafied original research work carried out
by Mrs. T.L. NEELIMA our guidance and supervision.

No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. The
published and all assistance and help received during the course of the investigations
has been duly acknowledged by the author of the thesis.

Thesis approved by the Student’s Advisory Committee

Chairperson : (Dr M. DEVENDER REDDY)
Director
Water Technology Center
College of Agriculture

Rajendranagar

Hyderabad – 500030

Member : (Dr K. V. Ramana)
Scientist “F”
Agrl. Division

National Remote Sensing Centre
Balanagar
Hyderabad.
Member : (Dr V. RAMULU)
Senior scientist (Agronomy)
Water Technology Center
College of Agriculture
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030

Member : (Dr M. UMA DEVI)
Principal Scientist (Soil Science and Agril.
Chemistry)
Water Technology Center
College of Agriculture
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030

External Examiner of final viva-voce:
Date of final viva-voce:

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I deem it as a great pleasure to express my heart felt gratitude and respect to the
Chairman of advisory committee, Dr M. Devender Reddy, Director, Water Technology
Center, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar for his meticulous guidance, untiring
interest and well timed suggestions right from the inception till the completion of my
Doctoral degree. I am indeed greatly indebted for the encouragement and cooperation
extended by him.
I sincerely extend my profound gratitude to the member of my Advisory
Committee, Dr K. V. Ramana, Scientist (F), Agril. Division, National Remote Sensing
Centre (NRSC), Balanagar, Hyderabad. His magnanimous attitude, meticulous
guidance, constructive criticism, transcendent suggestions, kind treatment and constant
encouragement have instilled in me the spirit of confidence and deep sense of respect
and gratitude. His specialization in the field of remote sensing, image analysis, timely
suggestions helped me to bring out this valuable and fabulous document. Dr M.V.R.
Sesha Sai, Head, Division of Agriculture and Dr R.S. Dwivedi, Group Director,
Agriculture and Soils, NRSC, Hyderabad for their support and encouragement which
helped to me to complete the task.
Thanks are also due to Dr V. Ramulu, Senior Scientist (Agro), Dr. M. Uma
Devi, Principal Scientist, (Soil science and Agricultural Chemistry), Dr. K. Avil Kumar,
Senior Scientist (Agronomy), Water Technology Centre, College of Agriculture,
Rajendranagar, ANGRAU, for their inspiring suggestions and wholehearted
cooperation in laboratory analysis work, valuable suggestions during execution of
research work.
I sincerely extend my profound gratitude to Dr A. Sreenivasa Raju, Head,
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Dr V. Praveen Rao,
Professor, and other staff members, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,
Rajendranagar for their support and guidance during the course and research work.
I don’t get words to express my heartful regards from my inner core of heart to
my husband Dr A.V. Ramanjaneyulu, Scientist (Agro), RARS, Palem without whose
encouragement and support, my dream of becoming Doctorate would have not seen
light of the day. I express enormous love and affection to my two and half year old
beloved son Anumula Nikhilesh and my sweet little daughter Chinnari for
co-operating with me while pursuing my studies.
v
Diction is not enough, alphabets are insufficient and words fall short to express
my adoration to my parents Sri T. Madhusudhan Rao and T. Nagalakshmi
Subhashini who stood by my side in sorrow, joy alike and empowered me with jolly,
gumption and inestimable encouragement and who are omnipresent in my life. I also
extend thanks to my mother-in-law Smt A. Pushpavathamma and father-in-law Late Sri
A. Ratnaiah Setty who allowed me for pursuing Doctoral Degree immediately after
marriage in spite of many family problems
I also convey many thanks to Sri C. Muralidhar, Chief Engineer,
Sri B. Prakash Goud, Superintendent Engineer, Sri S.V. Venu Gopal, Deputy
Executive Engineer, Sri H.T. Sridhar, Deputy Executive Engineer and Sri Nazeer
Ahmed, Work inspector and other supporting staff members, Priyadarshini Jurala
Project (PJP), Mahabubnagar dist., for extending co-operation by providing command
area maps, data on water discharges and site selection etc.,
Thanks are due to Smt. Ch. Anitha, Agriculture Officer, Gadwal who helped me
in execution of crop cut experiments during the course of investigation. I also extend
my sincere thanks to Senior Research Fellows (SRFs) of WTC viz., Swapna, Sudha and
Vamsi who helped me in laboratory work. I also thank supporting staff, Water
Technology Centre, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar,
ANGRAU for their kind co-operation.
I humbly thank authorities of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University and
Government of Andhra Pradesh for the financial help in the form of fellowship during
my study period and Niche Area of Excellence sponsored by Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR) for extending external funding for this novel research
work.
I wish to extend my thanks to one and all who have contributed even in a small
way in completion of my Doctor of Philosophy degree in the field of Agronomy.

(T.L. NEELIMA)

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LIST OF CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page No.
No.
I INTRODUCTION 1-5
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6-34
III MATERIAL AND METHODS 35-68
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 69-123
V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 124-131
LITERATURE CITED 132-145
APPENDICES 146-194

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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

$ : Dollar
% : Per cent
& : And
@ : At the rate of
µm : Micro meter
0C : Degree Centigrade
-1 : Per
a.i. : Active ingredient
AET : Actual Evapotranspiration
AgRISTARS : Agriculture and Resources Inventory Surveys Through Aerospace
Remote Sensing
ANGRAU : Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University
AP : Andhra Pradesh
ARIMA Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average
ARISE : Agricultural Resources Inventory and Survey Experiments
AVHRR : Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
AWADVI : Area weighted average normalized difference
AWAR : Area weighted average radiance ratio
AWiFs : Advanced wide field sensor
B:C ratio : Benefit cost ratio
BD : Bulk density
BES : Bureau of Economics and Statistics
C/N : carbon to nitrogen ratio
CAPE : Crop Acreage and Production Estimation
CCA : Culturable command area
CCE : crop cutting experiments
cd : Critical difference
CGR : Crop growth rate
cm : Centimeter
cm3 : Cubic centimeter
CO : carbon dioxide
2
cv : Cultivar
CWD  : Crop water deficit
DAS : Days after sowing
DAT : Days after transplanting
DES : Directorate of Economics and Statistics
df  : Depleted fraction
DMP : Dry matter production
DOA : Department of Agriculture
DOS : Department Of Space
dS/m : Deci Siemens per meter
DST : Department of Science and Technology
EARAS : Reporting of Agricultural Statistics Scheme
EC : Electrical Conductivity
et al. : and others
ETp : Potential Evapotranspiration
FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization
FASAL : Forecasting Agricultural Output Using Space, Agro - meteorology
and Land
vi ii
FCC : False Colour Composite
Fig. : Figure
FYM : Farm yard manure
g : Grams
G : Granule
g kg-1 : Gram per kilogram
GB : Giga Byte
GCP : Ground Control Points
GDP : Gross domestic product
GEOSS : Global Earth Observation System of Systems
GIS : Geographic Information System
GM : Green manure
GPS : Global Positioning System
GVI : Greenness Vegetation Index
ha m-3 : Hectare per cubic meter
ha-1 : Per hectare
HI : Harvest index
Hill-1 : Per hill
Hr-1 : per hour
Hrs : Hours
i.e. : Which is to say; in other words
IASRI : Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute
IBSNAT : International Benchmark Sites Network for Agrotechnology Transfer
ICAR : Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ID crop : Irrigable Dry crop
II : Irrigation intensity
IR : Infrared
IRRI : International Rice Research Institute
IRS : Indian Remote Sensing Satellite
ISRO : Indian Space Research Organization
ITPM : Index time product moment
IWMI : International Water Management Institute
JPEG : Joint Photographic Experts Group
K : Potassium
K O : Potash
2
Kg : Kilogram
Kg ha-1 : Kilogram per hectare
Kg m3 : Kilograms per cubic meter
Kg ha-1 : Kilograms per hectare
Kg-1 : per kilogram
KJ m-2 d-1 : Kilo Joules per square meter per day
km h-1 : kilometers per hour
KMnO : Potassium Permanganate
4
kmph : Kilometer per hour
kPa : Kilopascal
KWD : Krishna Western Delta
LACA : Large Area Crop Acreage
LACIE : Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment
LAD : leaf area duration
LAI : Leaf Area Index
LBC : Left Bank Canal
LISS : Linear Imaging and self scanner
ix
LMC : Left main canal
M ha : Million hectares
M s-1 : meter per second
M.ha.m : Million hectare meters
m-2 : per square metre
m3 : Cubic meter
MACROS : Modules of an Annual Crop Simulator
max. : Maximum
min. : Minimum
MIR : Middle Infrared
MLC : Maximum likelihood classification
mm : milli meter
mm day-1 : millimeter per day
NASA : National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NBSS&LUP : National Bureau of Soil Science and Land Use Planning
NCFC : National Crop Forecasting Centre
NDVI : Normalised Difference Vegetation Index
NDWI : Normalized Difference Wetness Index
NESAC : North-Eastern Space Application Centre
NH : Ammonia
3
NIR : Near Infrared Radiation
nm : Nano meter
No. : Number
NOAA : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NWMP : National Water Management Project
OC : Organic Carbon
OCR : Overall consumption rate
P : Page
P or P O : Phosphorus
2 5
Panicle-1 : Per panicle
Pe : Effective Rainfall
PET : Potential Evapotranspiration
pH : Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion activity
PI : Panicle initiation
PJP : Priyadarsini Jurala project
Pp : Pages
ppm : Parts per million
RADARSAT : Radio detection and ranging satellite
RAM : Random access memory
RBC : Right Bank Canal
RDF : Recommended dose of fertilizer
RET : Relative evapotranspiration
RH : Relative humidity
RMC : Right main canal
RMSE : Root Mean Squared Error
Rs : Rupees
RS : Remote sensing
Rs ha-1 : rupees per hectare
RVI : Ratio vegetation Index
RWS : Relative Water Supply
SAC : Space Application Centre
SAR : Synthetic Aperture Radar
x