Iron Oxides: From Nature to Applications

629 Pages·2016·14.944 MB·English

by  Damien Faivre, Richard B. Frankel

Editedby
DamienFaivre
IronOxides
RelatedTitles
Schwertmann,U.,Cornell,R.M. Cornell,R.M.,Schwertmann,U.
IronOxidesintheLaboratory TheIronOxides
PreparationandCharacterization Structure,Properties,Reactions,
OccurrencesandUses
2ndEdition
2000 2ndEdition
2003
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EditedbyDamienFaivre
Iron Oxides
FromNaturetoApplications
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V
Contents
ListofContributors XVII
Foreword XXV
Preface XXVII
1 Introduction 1
DamienFaivre
1.1 IronOxides:FromNaturetoApplications 1
1.2 AVeryBriefOverviewoftheIronOxidesandHowTheyFound
Names 3
References 5
PartI Formation,Transformation 7
2 GeologicalOccurrencesandRelevanceofIronOxides 9
FranceLagroix,SubirK.Banerjee,andMikeJ.Jackson
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 ElementalIron:FromtheUniversetotheEarth 9
2.3 ResidencyofElementalIrononEarth 10
2.4 MineralFormsofIronOxides 11
2.5 OccurrenceandGeologicalRelevanceofIronOxides 13
2.5.1 CrystallizationfromMeltandPartialMelts 13
2.5.2 PrecipitationfromSolutionandAlteration/Transformation 15
2.6 IronOxidesinContinentalDustDeposits 19
2.7 ConcludingRemarks 23
Acknowledgments 23
References 23
3 ReductiveDissolutionandReactivityofFerric(Hydr)oxides:New
InsightsandImplicationsforEnvironmentalRedoxProcesses 31
StefanPeifferandMoliWan
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 TheClassicalPerspectiveonReductiveDissolution 32
VI Contents
3.3 ElectronTransferatFerric(Hydr)oxidesSurfaces:TheRoleof
Fe(II) 33
3.4 EnergeticsattheFerric(Hydr)oxideInterface 35
3.4.1 RedoxPotentialofFe(II)SorbedtoFerricHydroxides 35
3.4.2 TheSemiconductingPropertiesofFerric(Hydr)oxides 36
3.5 RateControl:SurfaceversusStructuralProperties 39
3.5.1 ElectronTransferversusDissolution 39
3.5.2 Inter-mineralversusIntra-mineralVariabilityofReactivity 40
3.6 InteractionbetweenDissolvedSulfideandFerric
Hydroxides 42
3.6.1 TheDynamicNatureoftheReaction 42
3.6.2 ProductMassBalance:TheOccurrenceofExcessFe(II) 43
3.6.3 PyriteFormationandExcessFe(II) 46
3.7 Implications 47
References 48
4 FormationandTransformationofIron-BearingMineralsby
Iron(II)-OxidizingandIron(III)-ReducingBacteria 53
JennyferMiotandMarjorieEtique
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 BiomineralizationofIronthroughMicrobialFe(II)
Oxidation 54
4.2.1 MicrobialFe(II)OxidationunderAnoxicConditions 55
4.2.1.1 AnoxygenicPhotosynthesis 57
4.2.1.2 Nitrate-DependentFerrousOxidation 58
4.2.2 MicrobialMicroaerobicFe(II)Oxidation 58
4.2.3 MicrobialFe(II)OxidationunderOxicConditions 60
4.3 Iron(III)Minerals:ElectronAcceptorsforIron-Reducing
Bacteria 60
4.3.1 TransferringElectronstoFeOxides:AMicrobial
Challenge 60
4.3.2 DiversityofFeOxidesUsedandProducedbyIRB 63
4.4 SpecificPropertiesofIronBiominerals 64
4.4.1 MicrobialandEnvironmentalParametersControlFe
Mineralogy 65
4.4.2 TheOrganicMatter–FeOxideInterface 67
4.4.3 CouldFeBiomineralsConstituteBiosignatures? 68
4.5 MicrobialFeRedoxCycling:Past,Present,andFuture 72
4.5.1 MicrobialScenarioforPastDepositionofFeOxides 72
4.5.2 ModernEnvironmentsHostingFeCyclingBacteria 73
4.5.3 ImpactofFeCyclingBacteriaonPollutantSpeciationand
Mobility 75
4.5.4 TechnologicalApplicationsBasedonMicrobialInteractionswith
IronOxides 76
4.5.4.1 BioremediationStrategies 76
Contents VII
4.5.4.2 EnergyProductionandStorage 76
4.6 Conclusion 77
References 78
5 ControlledBiomineralizationofMagnetiteinBacteria 99
ElodieC.T.Descamps,Jean-BaptisteAbbé,DavidPignol,and
ChristopherT.Lefèvre
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 MagnetotacticBacteria 100
5.2.1 Discovery 100
5.2.2 Ecology 100
5.2.3 Diversity 101
5.3 OrganizationandRoleofMagnetosomes 102
5.3.1 ArrangementofMagnetosomeswithintheCells 102
5.3.2 Magneto-Aerotaxis 104
5.4 BiomineralizationofMagnetosomes 104
5.4.1 BiochemistryoftheMagnetosomeMembrane 104
5.4.2 GenomicsandGeneticsofMTB 105
5.4.3 MagnetosomeFormation 105
5.5 MineralPhaseofMagnetosomes 108
5.5.1 Composition 108
5.5.2 Size 109
5.5.3 Morphologies 109
5.5.4 ApplicationofMagnetosomes 110
Acknowledgments 111
References 111
6 FerritinIronMineralizationandStorage:FromStructureto
Function 117
NoamAronovitz,MichalNeeman,andRazZarivach
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 BasicStructureofFerritins 118
6.2.1 TheFerritinSubunit 118
6.2.2 TheFerritinQuaternaryAssembly 120
6.2.2.1 TheTwofoldAxis 120
6.2.2.2 TheThreefoldAxis 120
6.2.2.3 TheFourfoldAxis 121
6.2.2.4 TheB-Channel 123
6.3 IronStorageandMineralization 123
6.3.1 FerritinFerroxidaseCenters 123
6.3.2 TheNucleationSite 125
6.3.3 IronMineralization 125
6.4 NMRandMRIStudiesoftheFerritinIronCore 126
6.5 Magnetoferritin 127
6.5.1 IntroductiontoMagnetoferritin 127
VIII Contents
6.5.2 ExperimentalProtocolforMagnetoferritinSynthesis 128
6.5.2.1 ProductDescription 129
6.5.3 MethodDiscussion 129
6.5.3.1 Crystallization 129
6.5.3.2 PuttingTheorytoPractice 130
6.5.4 Conclusion 130
6.6 FerritinasaBiotechnologicalTool 131
6.6.1 BiomedicalTreatmentandDiagnosis 131
6.6.2 ChemicalReactionCatalysis 132
6.6.3 Electronics 132
6.6.4 Conclusion 133
6.7 ProtocolAnnexes 133
6.7.1 Annex1:FerritinPurification 133
6.7.1.1 PurificationofChlorobiumtepidumFerritinUsingBoilingasaHeat
ResistanceSelectionTool 133
6.7.1.2 PurificationofRecombinantSoybeanSeedFerritin:Purificationby
HisTagAffinity 134
6.7.2 Annex2:MagnetoferritinPreparation 135
References 137
7 IronOxidesintheHumanBrain 143
JoannaF.CollingwoodandNeilD.Telling
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 IronOxidesObservedintheHumanBrain 146
7.2.1 Ferrihydrite 146
7.2.2 Hematite 146
7.2.3 Magnetite 147
7.2.4 Maghemite 148
7.2.5 Wüstite 148
7.2.6 Goethite 150
7.3 PropertiesofIronOxidesintheBrain 150
7.3.1 CrystallographicandStructuralProperties 150
7.3.2 MagneticProperties 153
7.4 StoredandSequesteredIronOxideintheHumanBrain 155
7.4.1 Ferritin 155
7.4.2 MitochondrialIron 156
7.4.3 Hemosiderin 158
7.4.4 Neuromelanin 159
7.5 MethodstoDetectIronOxidesintheBrain 160
7.5.1 PostmortemAnalysis 160
7.5.2 ClinicalEvaluation 162
7.6 ToolsandTreatments:ManipulatingIronOxidesintheBrain 163
7.6.1 Imaging 164
7.6.2 Targeting 164
7.6.3 TherapeuticUseofIronOxideNanoparticles 165