IRIX® Admin: Disks and Filesystems

248 Pages·2000·0.83 MB·English

IRIX® Admin: Disks and Filesystems
Document Number 007-2825-004
CONTRIBUTORS
Written by Susan Ellis
Updated by Steven Levine
Illustrated by Dany Galgani
Production by Allen Clardy
St. Peter’s Basilica image courtesy of ENEL SpA and InfoByte SpA. Disk Thrower
image courtesy of Xavier Berenguer, Animatica.
© 1996-1998, Silicon Graphics, Inc.— All Rights Reserved
The contents of this document may not be copied or duplicated in any form, in whole
or in part, without the prior written permission of Silicon Graphics, Inc.
RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND
Use, duplication, or disclosure of the technical data contained in this document by
the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subdivision (c) (1) (ii) of the
Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 52.227-7013
and/or in similar or successor clauses in the FAR, or in the DOD or NASA FAR
Supplement. Unpublished rights reserved under the Copyright Laws of the United
States. Contractor/manufacturer is Silicon Graphics, Inc., 2011 N. Shoreline Blvd.,
Mountain View, CA 94043-1389.
Silicon Graphics, the Silicon Graphics logo, CHALLENGE, Indy, IRIX and IRIS are
registered trademarks, and XFS, Extent File System, Origin2000, IRIS InSight, Origin,
and REACT are trademarks of Silicon Graphics, Inc. Macintosh is a trademark of
Apple Computer, Inc. EXABTYE is a trademark of EXABTYE Corporation. FLEXlm
is a trademark of Globetrotter Software, Inc. IBM is a trademark of International
Business Machines Corporation. NetWorker is a registered trademark of Legato
Systems, Inc. NFS is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems. UNIX is a
registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively
through X/Open Company, Ltd.
IRIX® Admin: Disks and Filesystems
Document Number 007-2825-004
Contents
List of Examples xi
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xv
IRIX Admin Manual Set xvii
About This Guide xix
What This Guide Contains xix
Conventions Used in This Guide xx
How to Use This Guide xxii
Product Support xxiii
Additional Resources xxiii
1. Disk Concepts 1
Disk Drives on Silicon Graphics Systems 2
Physical Disk Structure 3
Disk Partitions 5
System Disks, Option Disks, and Partition Layouts 7
Partition Types 11
Volume Headers 12
Device Files 14
Block and Character Devices 15
Device Permissions and Owner 15
Major and Minor Devices 16
Device Names 16
iii
Contents
2. Performing Disk Administration Procedures 19
Listing the Disks on a System With hinv 20
Formatting and Initializing a Disk With fx 21
Adding Files to the Volume Header With dvhtool 22
Removing Files in the Volume Header With dvhtool 24
Displaying a Disk’s Partitions With prtvtoc 25
Repartitioning a Disk With xdkm 26
Repartitioning a Disk With fx 26
Before Repartitioning 27
Invoking fx From the Command Monitor 27
Invoking fx From IRIX 29
Creating Standard Partition Layouts 30
Creating Custom Partition Layouts 32
After Repartitioning 35
Creating Mnemonic Names for Device Files With ln 35
Creating a System Disk From the PROM Monitor 36
Creating a New System Disk From IRIX 41
Creating a New System Disk by Cloning 45
Adding a New Option Disk 47
3. Logical Volume Concepts 49
Introduction to Logical Volumes 49
Composition of XLV Logical Volumes 52
Volumes 54
Subvolumes 55
Plexes 56
Volume Elements 59
Single-Partition Volume Elements 59
Striped Volume Elements 60
Multipartition Volume Elements 62
XLV Logical Volume Names 63
XLV Daemons 63
XLV Error Policy 64
iv
Contents
XLV Logical Volume Planning 64
When to Avoid Using XLV 64
Selecting Subvolumes 65
Choosing Subvolume Sizes 65
Choosing Whether To Plex 66
Choosing Whether To Stripe 66
Choosing Whether to Concatenate Disk Partitions 67
4. Creating and Administering XLV Logical Volumes 69
Verifying That Plexing Is Supported 70
Creating Volume Objects With xlv_make 70
Example 1: Creating A Simple Logical Volume 71
Example 2: Creating A Striped, Plexed Logical Volume 73
Example 3: Creating A Plexed Logical Volume for an XFS Filesystem With an
External Log 74
Displaying Logical Volume Objects 76
Adding a Volume Element to a Plex (Growing a Logical Volume) 78
Adding a Plex to a Logical Volume 79
Detaching a Plex From a Logical Volume 81
Deleting an XLV Object 82
Removing and Mounting a Plex 83
Replacing a Disk For a Plexed Volume 86
Remove the Volume Element From XLV 86
Physically Replace the Disk Drive 88
Remake the XLV Volume Element Using the New Drive 89
Creating a Plexed Logical Volume for Root 89
Booting the System Off an Alternate Plex 91
CHALLENGE L, CHALLENGE XL, and CHALLENGE DM 91
All Other Models 92
Configuring the System for More Than Ten XLV Logical Volumes 93
Converting lv Logical Volumes to XLV Logical Volumes 93
Creating a Record of XLV Logical Volume Configurations 95
v
Contents
5. Filesystem Concepts 97
IRIX Directory Organization 98
General Filesystem Concepts 101
Inodes 103
Types of Files 104
Hard Links and Symbolic Links 104
Filesystem Names 106
XFS Filesystems 106
EFS Filesystems 108
Network File Systems (NFS) 109
Cache File Systems (CacheFS) 109
/proc Filesystem 110
/hw Filesystem 110
Foreign Filesystems 113
XFS Filesystem Creation 113
Filesystem Mounting and Unmounting 114
XFS Filesystem Checking 115
Filesystem Administration From the Miniroot 116
How to Add Filesystem Space 116
Mount a Filesystem as a Subdirectory 116
“Steal” Space From Another Filesystem 117
Grow an XFS Filesystem Onto Another Disk 117
Disk Quotas 118
Filesystem Corruption 118
6. Creating and Growing Filesystems 121
Planning an XFS Filesystem 121
Prerequisite Software 121
Choosing the Filesystem Block Size and Extent Size 122
Choosing the Log Type and Size 123
Checking for Adequate Free Disk Space 124
Disk Repartitioning 126
Dump and Restore Requirements 127
vi
Contents
Making an XFS Filesystem 128
Making a Filesystem From inst 130
Making a Foreign Filesystem 131
Growing an XFS Filesystem Onto Another Disk 131
Converting Filesystems on the System Disk From EFS to XFS 133
Converting a Filesystem on an Option Disk From EFS to XFS 140
7. Maintaining Filesystems 143
Routine Filesystem Administration Tasks 143
Mounting and Unmounting Filesystems 144
Manually Mounting Filesystems 144
Mounting Filesystems Automatically With the /etc/fstab File 145
Mounting a Remote Filesystem Automatically 147
Unmounting Filesystems 147
Managing Disk Space 148
Monitoring Free Space and Free Inodes 149
Monitoring Key Files and Directories 150
Cleaning Out Temporary Directories 151
Locating Unused Files 152
Identifying Accounts That Use Large Amounts of Disk Space 153
Checking Disk Space Usage With du 153
Checking Disk Space Usage With find 154
Checking Disk Space Usage on XFS Filesystems With Quota Commands 154
Checking Disk Space Usage With quot 155
Checking Disk Space Usage With diskusg 156
Running Out of Space in the Root Filesystem 156
Using Disk Quotas on XFS Filesystems 157
Turning on Disk Quotas on XFS Filesystems 158
Setting Disk Quota Limits on XFS Filesystems 158
Displaying Disk Quota Information on XFS Filesystems 159
Administering Disk Quotas on XFS Filesystems 161
Copying XFS Filesystems With xfs_copy 161
vii
Contents
Checking XFS Filesystem Consistency With xfs_check and xfs_repair 162
Checking Filesystem Consistency 162
Repairing Inconsistent Filesystems 163
Checking Foreign Filesystem Consistency With fpck 165
Repairing XFS Filesystem Problems 165
Common Error Messages 165
Error Messages When Files Are in lost+found 166
What to Do If xfs_repair Cannot Repair a Filesystem 167
Mounting A Filesystem Without Log Recovery 168
8. System Administration for Guaranteed-Rate I/O 169
Guaranteed-Rate I/O Overview 170
GRIO Guarantee Types 172
Per-File and Per-Filesystem Guarantees 172
Private and Shared Guarantees 173
Rotor and Non-Rotor Guarantees 173
An Example Comparing Rotor and Non-Rotor Guarantees 174
Real-Time Scheduling, Deadline Scheduling, and Nonscheduled Reservations 174
GRIO System Components 175
Hardware Configuration Requirements for GRIO 176
Configuring a System for GRIO 176
Additional Procedures for GRIO 179
Disabling Disk Error Recovery 180
Restarting the ggd Daemon 182
Running ggd as a Real-time Process 183
Using Real-Time Subvolumes 183
Files on the Real-Time Subvolume and Commands 184
File Creation on the Real-Time Subvolume 184
GRIO File Formats 185
/etc/grio_disks File Format 185
/etc/conig/ggd.options File Format 187
A. EFS Filesystems 189
EFS Filesystem Overview 189
viii
Contents
EFS Filesystem Creation 191
EFS Filesystem Creation Procedure 191
Growing an EFS Filesystem Onto Another Disk 193
EFS Filesystem Checking 194
Checking Unmounted Filesystems 195
Checking Mounted Filesystems 196
EFS Filesystem Disk Space Management 196
Using Disk Quotas on EFS Filesystems 197
Imposing Disk Quotas on EFS Filesystems 197
Monitoring Disk Quotas on EFS Filesystems 198
Repairing EFS Filesystem Problems 199
General Errors 199
Initialization Phase 200
Phase 1 Check Blocks and Sizes 200
Phase 1 Error Messages 201
Phase 1 Responses 203
Phase 1B Rescan for More Bad Dups 203
Phase 2 Check Pathnames 203
Phase 2 Error Messages 204
Phase 2 Responses 205
Phase 3 Check Connectivity 206
Phase 3 Error Messages 206
Phase 3 Responses 207
Phase 4 Check Reference Counts 207
Phase 4 Error Messages 207
Phase 4 Responses 210
Phase 5 Check Free List 210
Phase 5 Error Messages 211
Phase 5 Responses 211
Phase 6 Salvage Free List 212
Cleanup Phase 212
Cleanup Phase Messages 212
Index 213
ix