Table Of ContentIRISH GRAMMAR BOOK
IRISH GRAMMAR BOOK
Nollaig Mac Congáil
Cló Iar-Chonnachta
Indreabhán
Conamara
An Chéad Chló 2004
An Dara Cló 2005
© Nollaig Mac Congáil 2004
ISBN 1 902420 49 7
Dearadh clúdaigh: Pierce Design
Dearadh: Foireann CIC
Tugann Bord na Leabhar Gaeilge
tacaíocht airgid do Chló Iar-Chonnachta.
Bord no
Leobhur
Goeilge
?arts
Faigheann Cló Iar-Chonnachta cabhair airgid
council
íchomhalrle ón gComhairle Ealaíon.
ealaíon
Gach ceart ar cosaint. Ní ceadmhach aon chuid den fhoilseachán seo a atáirgeadh, a chur
i gcomhad athfhála, ná a tharchur ar aon bhealach ná slí, bíodh sin leictreonach,
meicniúil, bunaithe ar fhótachóipeáil, ar thaifeadadh nó eile, gan cead a fháil roimh ré
ón bhfoilsitheoir.
Clóchur: Cló Iar-Chonnachta, Indreabhán, Conamara
Teil: 091-593307 Facs: 091-593362 г-phost: [email protected]
Priontáil: Clódóirí Lurgan, Indreabhán, Conamara
Teil: 091-593251/593157
CONTENTS
Introduction 11
Irish Alphabet 13
Irish Dialects 13
Initial Mutations 14
Lenition of Consonants 14
Eclipsis of Consonants and Vowels 14
t before Vowels and s 15
h before Vowels 15
Basic Guide to Terminology Used in Irish Grammar 16
Consonants 16
Vowels 16
Slendering and Broadening 16
Syncopation 17
Word Order in Irish Sentences 18
The Definite Article 20
Singular Form of Article 20
Plural Form of Article 23
General Summary of Forms of the Definite Article 24
When to Use the Definite Article 24
The Double Article 26
Nouns 27
Gender of Nouns 27
The Singular and Plural of Nouns 29
The Cases of Nouns 30
Declensions of Nouns 33
First Declension Nouns 33
Second Declension Nouns 38
Third Declension Nouns 42
Fourth Declension Nouns 45
Fifth Declension Nouns 48
Irregular Nouns 51
Genitive Plural of Nouns of all Declensions 52
Special Genitive Plural of Nouns 53
Eclipsis of Nouns 54
Lenition of Nouns 56
Prepositions 62
Simple Prepositions 62
ag 64
ar 65
as 67
chuig 68
de 69
do 71
faoi 73
gan 74
i 75
idir 76
le 77
ó 79
roimh 80
thar 81
trí 82
um 83
Compound Prepositions 84
Adjectives 86
First Declension 86
Second Declension 92
Third Declension 95
Genitive Plural of all Declensions 96
Lenition of Adjectives 97
Possessive Adjectives 99
Prepositions and Possessive Adjectives 100
Verbs Requiring Preposition i and Possessive Adjectives 101
Idiomatic Use of Possessive Adjectives 101
Comparison of Adjectives 102
Adverbs 103
Adverbs of Time 103
Adverbs of Direction 104
Emphatic Suffixes 106
Pronouns 107
Pronoun as Object of Verbal Noun 107
Pronoun - ea 108
Subject Pronouns 109
Object Pronouns 109
Emphatic Subject Pronouns 110
Emphatic Object Pronouns 110
Demonstratives 111
h Before Vowels - Nouns 113
h Before Vowels - Adjectives etc. 114
t Before Vowels and s 116
The Verb 117
The Impersonal Form of the Verb 117
The Relative Form of the Verb 117
The Independent and Dependent Forms of the Verb 118
The Regular Verb: First Conjugation and Second Conjugation 118
The Present Tense 120
The Past Tense 122
The Future Tense 124
The Conditional Mood 126
The Past Habitual Tense 128
The Imperative Mood 130
The Present Subjunctive Mood 132
Verbal Adjective / Past Participle 134
The Verbal Noun 135
A List of Verbs 138
First Conjugation 138
Second Conjugation 139
The Irregular Verb 140
The Present Tense 141
The Past Tense 142
The Future Tense 144
The Conditional Mood 146
The Past Habitual Tense 148
The Imperative Mood 149
The Present Subjunctive Mood 150
Verbal Adjective / Past Participle and Verbal Noun 151
The Substantive Verb Bí 152
The Present Tense 152
The Habitual Present Tense 152
The Past Tense 153
The Future Tense 153
The Conditional Mood 153
The Past Habitual Tense 154
The Imperative Mood 154
The Present Subjunctive Mood 154
The Verbal Noun 154
Uses 155
Eclipsis of Verbs 157
Lenition of Verbs 158
The Copula Is 160
Present (and Future) Tense 160
Forms of Copula with Conjunctions 161
Past Tense and Conditional Mood 162
Forms of Copula with Conjunctions 163
Present Subjunctive Mood 164
Usage 165
Conjunctions and Verbal Particles 167
má 167
dá 168
Simple Conjunctions 168
Positive Verbal Particles 168
an 168
ar 169
go 169
gur 169
sula 170
sular 170
cá 171
cár 171
Negative Verbal Particles 172
ná 172
ní 172
níor 173
cha 173
thar 174
nach 174
nár 174
mura 175
murar 175
Relative Clauses 176
Direct Relative Clause 176
Direct Relative Particle (Positive) 178
Direct Relative Particle (Negative) 179
Direct Relative Forms of the Copula 180
Indirect Relative Clause 181
Indirect Relative Particle (Positive) 185
Indirect Relative Particle (Negative) 187
Indirect Relative Forms of the Copula 188
Numbers 189
Cardinal Numbers 189
Cardinal Numbers Followed by Nouns 190
Genitive Case and Cardinal Numbers 191
The Definite Article and Cardinal Numbers 192
Genitive Case and Definite Article and Cardinal Numbers 192
Cardinal Numbers and Adjectives 193
Personal Numbers 194
The Definite Article and Personal Numbers 195
The Genitive Case of Personal Numbers 195
Ordinal Numbers 196
Genitive Case and Ordinal Numbers 197
Varia 198
Forenames 198
Surnames 199
Days of the Week 201
Months of the Year 202
Place-Names 203
Countries, Continents 203
Provinces, Counties, Cities and Towns 203
Prefixes 206
Idioms 208
Blessings, Farewells, Greetings and Other Occasional Sayings 209
féin 212
cuid 213
go leor 213
Ways of Translating to know 214
Abstract Nouns Formed from Adjectives 215
Yes and no in Irish 216
Ways of Translating can, be able 218
Ways of Translating must, have to 219
Time 220
Similes 221
