Table Of ContentTransactions on Computer Systems and Networks
Chuzo Ninagawa
IoT Communication
Performance
Analysis
Transactions on Computer Systems
and Networks
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Chuzo Ninagawa
IoT Communication
Performance Analysis
ChuzoNinagawa
SmartGridPowerControlEngineering
JointResearchLaboratory
GifuUniversity
Gifu,Japan
ISSN2730-7484 ISSN2730-7492 (electronic)
TransactionsonComputerSystemsandNetworks
ISBN978-981-19-0858-3 ISBN978-981-19-0859-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0859-0
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Preface
There have been many books published on the Internet of Things (IoT). However,
mostofthemareIoTbusinessbooksorimplementation-relatedbooks.Thereisno
engineeringbookthatdealswithcommunicationperformanceanalysisofheteroge-
neous integrated systems of control communication and the Internet. This may be
duetotheideathatthereisnoneedtoanalyzecommunicationperformance.
However,theedge-sidecommunicationwithdevicesandsensors,whicharethe
ThingssideoftheIoT,doesnotnecessarilyhavehighperformance.Therearemany
caseswhereresourcesarescarce,suchasinembeddedcontrolnetworksandsensor
networks,orwherebuildingsandfacilitiesarealreadyequippedwithbuilt-inequip-
mentandcannotbereplacedbythelatestcommunicationsystems.Hetero-junction
communication, which integrates such low-speed edge-side communication and
high-speed cloud-side communication, is a decisive feature of the IoT from the
viewpointofdatatransmissionperformance.
TheTCPcommunicationperformanceanalysistechnologythatrepresentscloud-
sideInternetcommunicationhasalreadybeenestablished,andmanytechnicalbooks
havebeenpublishedinthepast.However,notmanybookshavebeenpublishedon
datatransmissionperformanceanalysisforlow-speedcontrolnetworksandsensor
networksontheedge-side.Furthermore,therearenopublicationsontheperformance
analysisofedgegatewaysfromhigh-speedcloud-sidecommunicationtolow-speed
edge-sidecommunication.
Whenthecommunicationloadisconcentratedinthegatewayfromthegigabit-
ratecloud-sidetothekilobit-rateedge-sidecommunication,itisnecessarytoabsorb
thousandsortensofthousandsoftimeshigherdatatransmissionrate.Moreover,for
suchintensivecommunicationload,transientanalysis,notsteady-stateanalysis,is
theonlywaytomakesenseofit.Thistransientcommunicationperformanceanalysis
will be the key to plan and design the data transmission performance of the entire
IoTsystem.
This book deals with analysis techniques for TCP, UDP, Web, and SOAP data
transmission performance on the IoT cloud-side, CSMA-type and multi-hop data
transmission performance on the IoT edge-side, as well as gateway receive buffer
andtransmitpacketassemblydatatransmissionperformance.
v
vi Preface
Asmathematicaltoolsfortheanalysisofcommunicationperformance,universal
analysis methods such as stochastic processes, queues, Markov processes, and
communication traffic simulators are applied to actual examples, and their usage
is described in detail. This book aims to provide a lifelong method for analyzing
communicationperformancethatwillserveasthebasisforthefutureevolutionof
theIoT.
I would like to express my gratitude to many people for their cooperation in
compilingthisbook.Inparticular,IwouldliketothankProf.HiroshiEsakiofthe
GraduateSchoolofInformationScienceandEngineering,theUniversityofTokyo,
AssociateProfessorMichikoHarayamaoftheDepartmentofElectronicsandInfor-
mationEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,GifuUniversity,Mr.ToshikazuYamai,
GeneralManageroftheInfrastructureEngineeringDivisionofIIJ,andMr.Masato
Koyama, Manager of the Digital Platform Division of NTT Data, for their advice
andsuggestionsonspecificdescriptions.Iwouldliketoappreciatethemembersof
SmartGridPowerControlEngineeringJointResearchLaboratory(Ninagawalab)at
GifuUniversitywhocontributedtothisbook,particularly,formergraduatestudent
Dr.TomohisaYamadaandgraduatestudentMr.AsifIqbal.
Finally,thisbookisasummaryofmylife’swork,andIwouldliketoexpressmy
gratitudetomywifeforallowingmetospendlonghourswritingathome.
Gifu,Japan ChuzoNinagawa
Contents
1 IoTCommunicationPerformanceAnalysis ....................... 1
1.1 OverviewofInternetofThings(IoT) .......................... 1
1.1.1 WhatisIoT? ........................................ 1
1.1.2 IoTApplicationServices .............................. 3
1.2 CharacteristicsofIoTCommunications ........................ 5
1.2.1 IoTCommunicationArchitecture ....................... 5
1.2.2 IoTCommunicationProtocols ......................... 9
1.3 IoTCommunicationPerformanceAnalysis ..................... 11
1.3.1 IsCommunicationPerformanceAnalysisNecessary? ..... 11
1.3.2 CommunicationTrafficTransientState .................. 11
1.4 CommunicationPerformanceAnalysisMethods ................ 13
1.4.1 CommunicationPerformanceSimulation ................ 13
1.4.2 TheoreticalPerformanceAnalysis ...................... 15
References ..................................................... 18
2 Edge-SideNetworkCommunicationPerformanceAnalysis ......... 19
2.1 Edge-SideControlNetworkCommunicationinIoT ............. 19
2.1.1 Edge-SideControlNetwork ........................... 19
2.1.2 CSMAMediaAccessMethod ......................... 20
2.2 Theoretical Analysis of Steady-State Performance
ofEmbeddedControlNetworks .............................. 22
2.2.1 SerialDataTransmissioninEmbeddedSystems .......... 22
2.2.2 DataTransmissionPerformanceAnalysisModel ......... 25
2.2.3 AnalyticalFormulaforDataTransmissionThroughput .... 26
2.2.4 DataTransmissionDelayAnalysisEquation ............. 29
2.2.5 VerificationofDataTransmissionDelayAnalysis
Equation ............................................ 30
2.3 TransientPerformanceSimulationofControlNetworks .......... 32
2.3.1 Control Network Transient Communication
PerformanceSimulation .............................. 32
2.3.2 ModelingofTransientBurstCommunicationLoads ....... 33
vii
viii Contents
2.3.3 BurstCommunicationLoadSimulation ................. 38
2.3.4 EvaluationofDataTransmissionDelayTime ............ 45
2.4 Transient Performance Theory Analysis of Embedded
ControlNetworks .......................................... 47
2.4.1 Load Model for Transient Performance Theory
Analysis ............................................ 47
2.4.2 TransientPerformanceTheoreticalAnalysisModel ....... 47
2.4.3 AsymptoticApproximateStateEquation ................ 49
2.4.4 Asymptotic Approximation Method Analysis
ExampleandSimulationVerification ................... 53
2.4.5 CommunicationPerformanceofTransientBurstLoad ..... 57
2.5 PerformanceTheoreticalAnalysisofSensorNetworks ........... 58
2.5.1 Multi-hopWirelessDataTransmissionMethod ........... 58
2.5.2 SensorPlacementDistributionModel ................... 61
2.5.3 QuantificationofSensorPlacementSparsity ............. 62
2.5.4 NearestNeighborDistanceComparisonforEach
SensorPlacementModel .............................. 64
2.5.5 Multi-hop Data Transmission Time Analysis
byProbabilityDistributionFunction .................... 69
2.5.6 StatisticalFittingofMulti-hopDataTransmission
Time ............................................... 70
2.6 PerformanceSimulationofSensorNetworks ................... 71
2.6.1 ns-1NetworkSimulator ............................... 71
2.6.2 Multi-hopDataTransmissionSimulation ................ 76
2.6.3 Multi-hopDataTransmissionTimeDistribution .......... 78
References ..................................................... 84
3 Cloud-SideNetworkCommunicationPerformanceAnalysis ........ 87
3.1 Cloud-SideInternetCommunicationinIoT .................... 87
3.1.1 ImportanceofInternetCommunicationPerformance
Evaluation .......................................... 87
3.1.2 Examples of Communication Delay in Internet
RemoteMonitoring .................................. 89
3.2 TCPProtocolforInternetCommunication ..................... 91
3.2.1 FundamentalsoftheTCPProtocol ..................... 91
3.2.2 OperationoftheTCPProtocol ......................... 92
3.2.3 TCPProtocolConnections ............................ 93
3.2.4 WindowandFlowControlintheTCPProtocol ........... 94
3.2.5 CongestionAlgorithmoftheTCPProtocol .............. 96
3.3 TheoreticalAnalysisModelofTCPDataTransmission .......... 97
3.3.1 StochasticProcessModelofTCP/IPCommunication
Protocol ............................................ 97
3.3.2 TCP/IPTriple-ACKPacketLossDetectionModel ........ 99
3.3.3 TCP/IPTimeoutPacketLossDetectionModel ........... 103
3.3.4 ModelofTCP/IPCongestionWindowLimitation ......... 108
Contents ix
3.3.5 ThroughputofTCP/IPDataTransmissionFlow .......... 110
3.4 TheoreticalAnalysisofTCPDataTransmissionPerformance ..... 112
3.4.1 Theoretical Analysis of TCP Transmission
Performance ........................................ 112
3.4.2 MeasuredVerificationoftheTheoreticalAnalysis
FormulaforTCPTransmissionPerformance ............. 114
References ..................................................... 117
4 EdgeGatewayCommunicationPerformanceAnalysis ............. 119
4.1 FeaturesandConstraintsofEdgeGateways .................... 119
4.1.1 QueueingModelforEdgeGateways .................... 119
4.1.2 AssumedEdge-SideControlNetwork ................... 121
4.1.3 Necessity of Edge Gateway Transmission
PerformanceAnalysis ................................ 123
4.2 Cloud-SidePerformanceAnalysisofEdgeGateways ............ 124
4.2.1 GatewayReceiveQueueingModel ..................... 124
4.2.2 TransientAnalysisofGatewayReceiveQueue ........... 127
4.2.3 CalculationofTransientCharacteristicsofGateway
ReceiveBuffer ....................................... 131
4.2.4 VerificationofGatewayReceiveBufferCharacteristics
Calculation .......................................... 135
4.2.5 EffectsoftheGatewayTransientAnalysisModel ......... 138
4.3 Edge-SidePerformanceAnalysisofEdgeGateways ............. 140
4.3.1 ConstraintsoftheEdge-SideControlNetwork ........... 140
4.3.2 PrioritizationofEdge-SideTransmitBuffer .............. 141
4.3.3 Theoretical Analysis Model of Edge-Side
TransmissionPerformance ............................ 142
4.3.4 DelayCalculationofEdge-SideTransmitPriority
Buffer .............................................. 145
References ..................................................... 147
5 ApplicationsofIoTCommunicationPerformanceAnalysis ......... 149
5.1 EdgeCommunicationAnalysisofEquipmentControlSystems .... 149
5.1.1 BuildingEquipmentMonitoringandControlSystem ...... 149
5.1.2 BACnetEquipmentControlEdgeCommunication ........ 150
5.1.3 BACnet/IPCommunicationProtocols ................... 151
5.1.4 BACnet/IP Edge Communication Performance
SimulationModel .................................... 153
5.1.5 BACnet/IP Edge Communication Performance
SimulationExample .................................. 160
5.2 CloudCommunicationPerformanceAnalysisofInternet
RemoteMonitoring ......................................... 163
5.2.1 InternetRemotePowerMonitoringandControl .......... 163
5.2.2 WhatisIEEE1888CommunicationProtocol? ............ 163
5.2.3 IEEE1888RemotePowerMonitoringandControl
WebService ......................................... 164
