Ionic Liquids in Flow Assurance

71 Pages·2021·2.023 MB·English

by  Bhajan Lal, Ali Qasim, Azmi Mohammad Shariff

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN
PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Bhajan Lal
Ali Qasim
Azmi Mohammad Shariff
Ionic Liquids
in Flow
Assurance
SpringerBriefs in Petroleum Geoscience
& Engineering
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Heriot-WattUniversity,Edinburgh,UK
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KenichiSoga,DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,Universityof
California,Berkeley,USA
A.A.Sulaimon,DepartmentofPetroleumEngineering,UniversitiTeknologi
PETRONAS,SeriIskandar,Malaysia
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· ·
Bhajan Lal Ali Qasim Azmi Mohammad Shariff
Ionic Liquids in Flow
Assurance
BhajanLal AliQasim
ChemicalEngineering ChemicalEngineering
UniversitiTeknologiPetronas UniversitiTeknologiPetronas
SeriIskandar,Perak,Malaysia SeriIskandar,Perak,Malaysia
AzmiMohammadShariff
ChemicalEngineering
UniversitiTeknologiPetronas
SeriIskandar,Perak,Malaysia
ISSN2509-3126 ISSN2509-3134 (electronic)
SpringerBriefsinPetroleumGeoscience&Engineering
ISBN978-3-030-63755-2 ISBN978-3-030-63753-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63753-8
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Preface
Ionicliquidsareeco-friendlychemicalshavinglowmeltingpointi.e.lessthan100
°C, low vapor pressure, low toxicity, and high polarity. These are thermally and
chemically stable as well. Ionic liquids have renownedly been known as molten
saltsatroomtemperaturelooselyboundbycoordinationoforganiccationandanion
together. The vast utilization of ionic liquids in almost all fields of chemistry and
engineeringisresultedtotheirabovementionedinterestingpropertieswhichenable
themas“greenandsustainablechemicals”havingtendencytodissolvewiderange
of inorganic and organic compounds. In oil and gas industry, ionic liquids have
beenemployedindrillingoperation,enhancedoilrecovery(EOR),unconventional
heavyoilrecoveryandflowassurance.Flowassuranceisconsideredtobeacritical
task in oil and gas industry especially in the field of energy production in deep
water. It is due to the harsh operational conditions of low temperatures and high
pressuresatlongdistances.Flowassuranceindustryhasuseddifferentconventional
chemicalstoaddresstheissuebutthechemicalsincurrentusearelesseffectiveathigh
pressure,temperatureandinhighlysalineconditions.Ionicliquid,duetoexceptional
propertiesofnegligiblevaporpressure,non-flammability,andlowmeltingpointcan
prove to be very resourceful in midstream operations of flow assurance as well.
They have shown a strong potential as substitutes for other compounds used in
flowassuranceapplications.Thisbookconsistsoffourchaptersdiscussingdifferent
aspectsofionicliquidsapplicationsinflowassuranceinoilandgasindustry.
Thegeneralapplicationofionicliquidsandphysiochemicalpropertieswiththe
focus on their application in flow assurance in oil and gas industry is discussed in
thebook.Furthermore,theroleofionicliquidsasgashydrateinhibitorsinoffshore
pipelinestoensuresafeflowhasbeentakenintoconsideration.Gashydrateoccur-
renceposesamajorthreattopipelineintegrity.Differentcategoriesofgashydrate
inhibitorsandthemainfactorsinfluencingionicliquidsduringgashydrateinhibition
areexamined.Theuseofionicliquidsascorrosioninhibitorsandtheirapplication
inflowassuranceindustrytomitigatecorrosionisconsideredaswell.Inthisaspect,
factors affecting corrosion inhibition performance of ionic liquids are discussed.
v
vi Preface
Lastly,ionicliquidsapplicationinwax,scaleandasphaltenesdepositioncontrolis
reviewed.Theuseofionicliquidsinthisparticularfieldisnovelandhasapotential
tobeexploredfurther.
Perak,Malaysia BhajanLal
AliQasim
AzmiMohammadShariff
Contents
1 IonicLiquidsUsageinOilandGasIndustry ....................... 1
1.1 IntroductiontoIonicLiquids .................................. 1
1.2 PhysicochemicalPropertiesofIonicLiquids ..................... 3
1.2.1 MeltingPoint ......................................... 3
1.2.2 AnionandCationProperties ............................ 3
1.2.3 ViscosityofIonicLiquids .............................. 4
1.3 ApplicationsofILsinOilandGasIndustry ..................... 5
1.3.1 IonicLiquidsinDrillingOperation ...................... 5
1.3.2 IonicLiquidsinEnhancedOilRecovery(EOR) ........... 7
1.3.3 IonicLiquidsinUnconventionalHeavyOilRecovery ...... 9
1.4 ApplicationofIonicLiquidsinFlowAssurance .................. 12
1.5 ConclusionandFutureApplicationProspects .................... 13
References ...................................................... 14
2 ApplicationofIonicLiquidsinGasHydrateInhibition(GHI) ....... 17
2.1 Introduction ................................................ 17
2.2 ImportantConceptsofHydrateFormation ...................... 18
2.2.1 FormationofGasHydrates ............................. 18
2.2.2 GasHydrateStructures ................................ 19
2.3 GasHydrateInhibition ....................................... 19
2.3.1 ThermodynamicHydrateInhibitors ...................... 21
2.3.2 LowDosageHydrateInhibitors ......................... 23
2.4 ILsasGasHydrateInhibitors ................................. 25
2.5 Summary ................................................... 26
References ...................................................... 28
3 ApplicationofIonicLiquidsinCorrosionInhibition(CI) ........... 33
3.1 Introduction ................................................ 33
3.2 EssentialConceptsofCorrosionFormation ..................... 34
3.2.1 CorrosionFormation .................................. 34
3.2.2 CorrosionMechanism ................................. 35
vii
viii Contents
3.3 ClassificationofCorrosioninPipeline .......................... 36
3.3.1 PittingandCreviceCorrosions .......................... 36
3.3.2 Stress-CorrosionCracking(SCC) ....................... 38
3.3.3 FrettingandErosionCorrosion .......................... 38
3.3.4 UniformCorrosion .................................... 38
3.4 CorrosionInhibitors ......................................... 38
3.5 ILsasCorrosionInhibitors .................................... 39
3.6 Summary ................................................... 46
References ...................................................... 46
4 Application of Ionic Liquids in Wax, Scale and Asphaltene
DepositionControl .............................................. 49
4.1 Introduction ................................................ 49
4.1.1 WaxControlinFlowAssurance ......................... 49
4.1.2 ScaleDepositionControlinFlowAssurance .............. 52
4.1.3 AsphalteneDepositionControlinFlowAssurance ......... 53
4.2 WaxDepositionControlUsingILsApplications ................. 54
4.2.1 ImpactofILsOverViscosityofModelOils ............... 54
4.2.2 ImpactofWaxStateOverWDT ......................... 56
4.3 ILsasAsphalteneDepositionControlCompounds ............... 56
4.4 Summary ................................................... 60
References ...................................................... 61
Chapter 1
Ionic Liquids Usage in Oil and Gas
Industry
1.1 IntroductiontoIonicLiquids
Ionic liquids (ILs) are chemicals which are considered environmentally benign
solvents that can be modified or tuned for specific requirements and applications.
The physicochemical properties and the ability to tune into different combination
of anions and cations are some of the unique characteristics of ILs which distin-
guishthemfromtheotherorganiccompounds[1,2].Aphysicallyconventionalway
to differentiate between ionic liquids and the similar ‘molten salts’ is through its
meltingpoint,i.e.ionicliquidsareinliquidstateatnearambienttemperatures.As
with any convention, there are exclusions, as there are molten salts that have even
lowermeltingpointsthancertainILs.Amoreprincipledistinctionbetweenthemis
thatILscontainorganiccationsinsteadofinorganiccations.
The most salient property regarding ILs is the low melting point or liquidus
temperature.Owingtothewidevarietyofioncombinationspossible,ILsmaypossess
melting points from as low as −90 °C. Examples of organic cation ILs include
quaternaryammonium,phosphonium,pyridinium,andimidazoliumsalts[3–5].The
advantage of the organic salt’s liquidus temperature has allowed it to be explored
incombinationwithotheranionsforvariousapplications[6].Ionicliquidsofferan
advantageoverothermolecularsolventsduetotheirlowmeltingpointsandtailor-
madesizeandshapefortask-orientedapplications.Thesepropertiesrenderawide
rangeofutilizationinvariousapplications.
Ionicliquidshavebeenemployedinvariousscientificfieldsofresearch,moresoin
recenttimes[7,8].Theirapplicationincludesinbiomedical,pharmaceuticals,mate-
rials chemistry as catalysts, oil and shale processing, separation of petrochemical
components,i.e.fractionationandassolventsinelectrochemistry.Themainadvan-
tageinusingILsincatalysisisthattheyareconsideredgreencatalysts.Figure1.1
summarizesthescientificapplicationofionicliquidsinnumerousfieldsofstudyand
theirsubfields.
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicencetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 1
B.Laletal.,IonicLiquidsinFlowAssurance,
SpringerBriefsinPetroleumGeoscience&Engineering,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63753-8_1