Investigation of Ultrasonic Smoke Coagulation

204 Pages·05.431 MB·English

by  Monson, Harry O

PTJBDUB UNIVERSITY
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION
BY_______________ Iterry 0, Monson
en titled Divest igat ion of Ultrasonic Smoke Coagulation
. COMPLIES WITH THE UNIVERSITY REGULATIONS ON GRADUATION THESES
AND IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
Doctor of Philosophy
Prokbssoh in Chabgb of Thbsis
Head of Schooi. or Depabtmwtjt
TO THE LIBRARIAN:----
THIS THESIS IS NOT TO BE REGARDED AS CONFIDmTIAL.
raorassoB nr ohabob
BBSISTBAB BOBM lO—5>44—UC

INVESTIGATION Of ULTRASONIC SMOKE COAGULATION
A Thesis
Sutmitted to the faculty
of
Purdue University
by
Harry 0. Monson
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
of
Doctor of Philosophy
February, 1950
ProQuest Number: 27712203
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The writer is grateful for the helpful advice of Dr. R, C.
Binder, at whose suggestion and under whose guidance this work was
carried out. Acknowledgment also is made to Dr. G. R, Cooper for
his suggestions concerning development of the instrumentation.
TABLE OF CON'IENTS
Page
FIGURES............................................................................................................... 1
TABLES................................................................................................................. 4
NOTATION............................................................................................................. 5
INTRODUOTim.................................................................................................... 7
OBJECTIVE.......................................................................................................... 8
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE......................................................................... 10
Instrumentât ion ................................................................... 10
Air-Jet Generators ................................... 34
Coagulation and Precipitation.................... 45
DEVELÛÎMENT OF INSTRUMSNOATION............................................................ 54
Design of Direct-Reading Frequency Meter.................... 66
Design of Intensity Meter..................................................... 86
Calibration and Use of Meters............................................. 112
EXPERIMENTS ON AIR-JET GENERATORS.............................. I35
EXPERIMENTS ON SMOKE COAGULATION........................................................ 163
CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................... 191
BIBLIOCHÎAHIÏ................................................................................................... 192
FIGURES
Figure Page
!• Displacement of Planes of Particles in a Plane
Ultrasonic Wave......................................... 14
2* X-Type Free Jet Structure and Jet Static Pressure C urve...., 35
3* X-Type Free Jet Structure and Hartmann Cylindrical Cup 37
4. Computed Acoustical Power Output as a Function of
Reservoir Pressure ............................................................... 40
5. Computed Acoustical Power Output as a Function of
Reservoir Pressure ............. 41
6. Computed Acoustical Power Output as a Function of
Reservoir Pressure .............................................................. 42
7« Acoustical Power Output as a Function of Cup Depth-to-
Diameter R atio. ............. 44
8. Ratio of Final to Initial Particle Mass as a Function
of Time for a Standing Smoke.............................................................. 49
9. Brandt-Biedemann Smoke Coagulator.......................................... 50
10. St. Clair Smoke Coagulator.......................................................................... 50
11. Smoke Coagulation System for Collecting Carbon Black 52
12. Photograph of Massa Sound Standard and Pream plifier.................. 56
13. Schematic Diagram of Complete Instrumentation Systan........ 57
14. Photograph of Massa Model GA-1004 Sound Pressure
Measurement System................................. 59
15. Overall Electrical Response Characteristic of Massa Sound
Pressure Measurement System. ............................................. 61
16. Frequency Response Characteristic of Oscilloscope
Vertical Amplifier............. *.................. 63
17. Photograph of Meter Chassis with Cover Removed. ..................... 64
18. Photograph of Complete Instrumentation System. ........................... 65
Figure Page
19. Diagram of Frequency Meter Circuit.................. *........... 68
20. Diagram of First Section of Frequency Meter Circuit
and Its Signal (Input) Voltage and Output V oltage...,,., 69
21. Diagram of Second Section of Frequency Meter Circuit and
Certain of Its Voltage Waveforms*.................. 70
22. Diagram of Third Section of Frequency Meter Circuit and
Its Output Voltage. ................................... 73
23. Diagram of Fourth Section of the Frequency Meter Circuit,
the Same Circuit Simplified, and the Section Output
Voltage. .............................. 74
24. Diagrams of Voltages Associated with a Series C-R Circuit
with an Ideal Square Wave In p u t................................... 76
25. Diagram of Fifth Section of Frequency Meter Circuit and
Voltage Across Indicating M eter................................ 80
26. Diagram of Regulated Power Supply C ircuit.................. 83
27. Photograph of Regulated Power Supply with Cover Removed.... 85
28. Diagram of Main Amplifier and Intensity Meter Circuit 86
29. Diagrams Pertaining to First Section of Main Amplifier
Circuit ............................................ 90
30. Diagram of Second Section of Main Amplifier and Its
Input and Output Voltages....................................... 94
31. Block Diagram of Feedback Amplifier. ................................................ 96
32. Diagram of Third Section of Main Amplifier Circuit and
Its Input and Output Voltages .................................... 99
33. Diagram of Intensity Meter Circuit Section and Certain of
its Voltages....................................... 104
34. Diagram of Decoupler Circuit Section....................... 108
35. Top View of Meter Chassis................ 109
36. Front Panel of Meter Chassis......................... 111
Figure Page
37, Waveshape of Hypothetical Signal Voltage at Meter
Chassis Input, .............................................................................. 117
38, Two Typical Waveshapes from Air-Jet Generators............................... 118
39, Diagrams for Calibration of Regulated Power Supply......................120
40, Arrangement of Apparatus for Measurements on Air-Jet
Generators................ *................. 136
41, Air*Jet Generator Cups Used in Tests.......................................... 140
42, Maximum Intensity for Certain Cups Used with 1/8 Inch
Nozzle as a Function of Reservoir Pressure. ...................... 144
43, Maximum Intensity for Certain Cups Used with 1/8 Inch
Nozzle as a Function of Reservoir Pressure............................... 145
44, Maximum Intensity for Certain Cups Used with 1/8 Inch
Nozzle as a Function of Reservoir Pressure..............................146
45, Maximum Intensity for Compound Cups Used with 1/8 Inch
Nozzle as a Function of Reservoir Pressure,. ........................ 150
46, Waveshapes at Maximum Intensity for Cup 1 Used with
1/6 Inch Nozzle ...................................... 153
47, Waveshapes at Maximum Intensity for Cup 4 Used with
1/8 Inch Nozzle ........................ 154
48, Waveshapes at Maximum Intensity for Cup 13 Used with
1/8 Inch Nozzle. ................................................................................. 155
49, Waveshapes at Maximum Intensity for Certain Cups Used
with 1/4 Inch Nozzle ........................................... 156
50, Intensity as a Function of Cup to Nozzle Distance for
Cup 1 ; Based on lable 11........................................................... 161
51, Intensity as a Function of Frequency for Cup 1; Based
on Table 11 .................................................................. 162
52, Photograph of Coagulation Chamber Interior....................................... 165
53, Photograph of Smoke Coagulation System Used in Tests 167
54, Ratio of Final to Initial Smoke Density as a Function of
Smoke Velocity for Cups 1 and 8...................................................... 174
3a
Figure Page
55, Ratio of Final to Initial Smoke Density as a Function
of Time Duration of 'Wave Action for Cups 1 and 8................ 175
56, Ratio of Final to Initial Smoke Density as a Function
of Smoke Velocity for Cup 2.............................................................. 176
57, Ratio of Final to Initial Smoke Density as a Function
of Time Duration of Wave Action for Cup 2 , ..............177
58, Photographs of Typical Ring Formation on Coagulation
Chamber Rear Wall and Front Cover ........................ 179
59, Waveshapes at Maximum Coagulation Effect and at Maximum
Intensity for Cups 1 and 7; 1/8 Inch Nozzle, 40 PSIG.... 184
60, ^ as a Function of Time Duration of Wave Action for
Various Intensities and Constant Frequency............................... 187
61, Waveshapes at Maximum Coagulation Effect for Various
Reservoir Pressures; Cup 8, 1/8 Inch Nozzle........................... 188
62, Df
—i. as a Function of Time Duration of Wave Action for
^i
Various Unstable Intensity Ranges and Constant Unstable
Frequency Range . 189