INVENTING THE CLOUD CENTURY : how cloudiness keeps changing our life, economy and technology

624 Pages·2017·13.413 MB·English

by  OPPITZ, MARCUS

Marcus Oppitz
Peter Tomsu
Inventing the
Cloud Century
How Cloudiness Keeps Changing Our Life,
Economy and Technology
Inventing the Cloud Century
Marcus Oppitz (cid:129) Peter Tomsu
Inventing the Cloud Century
How Cloudiness Keeps Changing Our Life,
Economy and Technology
MarcusOppitz PeterTomsu
Klosterneuburg Leitzersdorf
Austria Austria
ISBN978-3-319-61160-0 ISBN978-3-319-61161-7 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-61161-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017944452
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018
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To our wives, Irmgard and Tanja for their
patience
And to our families
Preface
Theideaforthisbookwasformedinthespringof2015.WewereworkingforCisco
at that time, one of the large players in network technology. Like every other
company in the market, Cisco was on its way to embrace the new opportunities
generatedbycloudcomputingandtheInternetofThings.Fascinatedwithbringing
togethertheconceptofcloudservicesandnewnetworkarchitecturestocreatenew
business models, we started to work on a model involving different types of
ownershipstocreateamoreprecisedefinitionofwhatcloud-based servicescould
offer.Theresultwasafirstinitialpublication;ashortsummaryispartofthechapter
entitled“CloudComputing.”Soonwediscoveredthatwehadtouchedthetipofan
iceberg.Cloud computingandcloudservicesseemed tobenothingmorethan the
momentarystatusofanevolutionthatwasstartedlongagoandthatwasonitsway
tochangeeconomy,technology,andsocietyinanacceleratinganddramaticway.
Bothofushadstartedourcareersasengineersinthemid-1970sattheUniversity
ofTechnologyViennaatthetimewhencomputingandcomputersciencesbeganits
journey toward a key technology for businesses. Our working environment was
dictated by mainframe computers, by punch cards, and—if you were lucky—by
verysimplegreen-screenterminals.Afteruniversity,wewentondifferentpathsin
ourprofessionalcareers.Marcusstarted toworkinthesoftwarebusinessbuilding
owncompaniesandstart-ups.Peterconcentratedagreatpartofhisprofessionallife
on the development and deployment of new networking technologies and cloud
architectures. When we met again, 40 years later, everything had changed
completely.Computerswentintothebackground;theybecameakindofcommod-
ityinyourshirt pocket. Networks,theInternet,the Web, andWeb-basedservices
had become the driving power for computerscience, business,and society.Smart
environmentsusingcognitivecomputing andthe Internet ofThingshadstartedto
disrupt many businesses and industry segments. Digitalization had become a
prerequisiteforallkindsoforganizationsorcorporations,requiringtheacceptance
of new technologies but also creating a demand for change and transition of
businessmodels.Thesocialandpoliticalimpactofsocialmediapulledcommuni-
tiesintotheglobalvillageandcreatedmanynewchallengesforpoliticsandmedia.
vii
viii Preface
Withinthose40years,wehadbeenpartofahugetransitionstartingwiththefirst
PCsandnetworksinthe1970sandmovingtotheexpansionoftheInternet,tothe
revolutiontriggeredbytheWeb,andtotheconceptofcloudcomputingandcloud
businesstoday.
Those changes and transitions gained speed over the last decades and seem to
pointtoafuturethatwouldbeinfluencedbytheeconomyofcloud-basedservices.
Exploringthepathofthisevolutionandtryingprojectionsintothefuturebecamea
fascinatingideaforbothofus.ThereareTerabytesofliteratureabouttechnological
developments, social and political impacts, and the rapidly changing economy.
What we had in mind is the interlock of these three dimensions to explore the
making of today’s cloud ecosystems as witnessed by followers of older service
ecosystemsthatwerebasedonnetworks.Wealsowantedtodescribethemoveof
services to the cloud and the long-term trend that is still progressing at high
velocity. Successful technology is always accompanied by compelling business
models and ecosystems including private, public, and federal organizations. Our
targetwastoexploretheevolutionofserviceecosystems,describetheirsimilarities
anddifferences,andanalyzethewaytheycreatedandchangedindustries.Basedon
thestatusofcloudcomputingandrelatedtechnologieslikevirtualization,Internet
of Things, fog computing, big data, and analytics, we tried to provide an outlook
into the possibilities of future technologies, the future of the Internet, and the
possibleimpactsonbusinessandsocietymovingtothecloudcentury.
Thisbookisourresult.
Weaddressreaderslikeengineers,historians,oreconomistswhoareinterested
in an interdisciplinary view on the history, status, and future projection of the
Internet, the Web, and cloud computing. We aimed to connect the technical view
with the economic history and the social effects of service ecosystems based on
networks.Wehavetriedtofollowastorytellingapproach,movingalongthelines
ofhistoricalevolution.Whilesometimesdrillingdownintotechnicaldetails,thisis
notatechnicaltextbook.
Vienna MarcusOppitz
2017 PeterTomsu
Contents
IntroducingCloudiness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
InSearchforaBetterLife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ServiceEcosystems:TheFiveMagicElements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
CreationandInnovation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
StructureoftheBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
References. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 19
AShortHistoryofServiceEcosystems. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . 21
Cloud:AnOldConcept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
PublicTransportandPostalServices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
TheFirstTransportNetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
InternationalRollout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
BusinessandMarketToday. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 31
SocialImpact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Railway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Technology1.0:TheSteamAge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Technology2.0:Electricity,DieselandHigh-Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
SocialandEconomicImpact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
References. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 44
EarlyInformationNetworkServices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
TheFirstOpticalCommunicationNetwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
SocialandEconomicImpact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
TheElectricTelegraph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
SocialandEconomicImpact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Telephone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
BuildinganEcosystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
SocialandEconomicImpact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Wireless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
ix
x Contents
Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
BuildingBusiness:TheBeginoftheElectronicIndustry. . . . . . . . . . . 66
Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Broadcasting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
BuildingRadioBusiness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
StandardsandRegulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
SocialImpact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
StatusBeforeInternetandCloudComputing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
References. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 72
MakingofDigitalComputers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
HistoryofComputing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
FromMechanicaltoElectricalComputing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
1928–1936:MathematicalTheory—G€odel,TuringandvonNeumann. . . . 78
1936TheTuringMachine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
VonNeumannArchitecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
WomenandtheDevelopmentofComputers.. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 81
TheBirthofIBM:TheMotherofMainframes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
1960MainframesandEarlyComputing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
EarlyUserInterfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
MainframeandVirtualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
TheBigMainframePlayers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 84
1970TheRiseofMinicomputers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
1980PersonalComputers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
TheHomebrewComputerClub. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
ComputersfromtheStartingPeriod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
1977AppleII:TheFirstPersonalComputerforEveryone. . . . . . . . . 87
TheRiseofPCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
1980FromPersonalComputerstoWorkstations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
1990PCsGettingMature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
1990sServersReplacingMainframes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2010MainframesRenaissance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
SupercomputersVersusModernMainframes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
MainframesintheMiddleofthe2010s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
TheEconomicCloudSolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
References. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 95
NetworksforSharingandConnecting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
EvolutionofComputerNetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Ethernet:TheEpicFoundationforLocalAreaNetworks. . . . . . . . . . 100
OtherLocalAreaNetworkStandards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
FromEthernettoStructuredCabling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
PrinciplesofLayeredNetworking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
BridgesExpandingLANsBeyondCablingLimitations. . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Contents xi
SwitchesEnablingScalableFastNetworking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
RoutersandCisco. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 108
NetworkingStandards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
TheBirthofModernNetworking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
TheInternetProtocolSuite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
InternetProtocolSuiteLayersDefined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
OSIReferenceModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
ATM:AttempttoIntegrateDataandVoice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
TheSuccessoftheInternetProtocolSuite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
InternetProtocolNextGenerationakaIPv6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
IPng/IPv6Advancements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
IPv6PacketFormat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
IPv6Deployment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
References. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 128
ManagingVirtualStorage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
SharedStorageModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
DifferentTypesofStorageVirtualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
DiskVirtualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
TapeStorageVirtualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
FileSystemVirtualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
File/RecordVirtualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
BlockVirtualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
References. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 138
FromPhysicaltoVirtualServers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
ServerVirtualizationOverview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
ServerVirtualizationMethodsinDetail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
OpenVirtualizationFormat(OVF). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
References. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 148
SoftwareDefinedVirtualNetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
SomeSDNHistoryandEvolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
LegacyNetworkingLimitationsDrivingSDN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
SDNDisruptingLegacyNetworking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
ConceptandPromiseofSDN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
HighLevelViewofSDN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
CentralizedVersusDistributedControlandDataPlanes. . . . . . . . . . . 162
ControlPlane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
ForwardingandDataPlane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
SeparationofControlandDataPlanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
DifferentFunctionalPlanesofNetworkElements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
EvolutionofControlPlaneConcepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
OpenSDNImplementations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
OpenFlow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
OpenDaylight(ODL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
OpenComputeProject(OCP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181