Table Of ContentSeries ISSN: 2160-7664
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SAesrsiiessta Endt iEtodri:t or : GKaacreyy D Boewddnoeye,s ,V Oirrgeignoina STteachte University IN
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Inventing a European Nation IN
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Engineers for Portugal, from Baroque to Fascism E
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Maria Paula Diogo, NOVA School of Science and Technology E
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Tiago Saraiva, Drexel University N
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This book deals with the simultaneous making of Portuguese engineers and the Portuguese O
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nation-state from the mid seventeenth century to the late twentieth century. It argues that the : E
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different meanings of being an engineer were directly dependent of projects of nation building G
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and that one cannot understand the history of engineering in Portugal without detailing such E
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projects. Symmetrically, the authors suggest that the very same ability of collectively imagining R
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a nation relied on large measure on engineers and their practices. National culture was not only O
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enacted through poetry, music, and history, but it demanded as well fortresses, railroads, steam P
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engines, and dams. R
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Portuguese engineers imagined their country in dialogue with Italian, British, French, U
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German or American realities, many times overlapping such references. The book exemplifies L
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how history of engineering makes more salient the transnational dimensions of national history. R
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This is valid beyond the Portuguese case and draws attention to the potential of history of M
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engineering for reshaping national histories and their local specificities into global narratives A
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relevant for readers across different geographies. O
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About SYNTHESIS F
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This volume is a printed version of a work that appears in the Synthesis I
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Digital Library of Engineering and Computer Science. Synthesis
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Inventing a European Nation
Engineers for Portugal, from Baroque to Fascism
Synthesis Lectures on Global
Engineering
Editor
GaryDowney,VirginiaTech
AssistantEditor
KaceyBeddoes,OregonStateUniversity
TheGlobalEngineeringSerieschallengesstudents,facultyandadministrators,andworking
engineerstocrossthebordersofcountries,anditfollowsthosewhodo.Engineersandengineering
havegrownupwithincountries.Thevisionsengineershavehadofthemselves,theirknowledge,
andtheirservicehavevarieddramaticallyovertimeandacrossterritorialspaces.Engineersnow
followdiasporasofindustrialcorporations,NGOs,andothertransnationalemployersacrossthe
planet.Towhatextentdoengineerscarrytheircountrieswiththem?Whatarekeysitesof
encountersamongengineersandnon-engineersacrossthebordersofcountries?Whatisatstake
whenengineersencounterotherswhounderstandtheirknowledge,objectives,work,andidentities
differently?Whatisengineeringnowfor?Whatareengineersnowfor?
TheSeriesinvitesshortmanuscriptsmakingvisibletheexperiencesofengineersandengineering
studentsandfacultyacrossthebordersofcountries.Possibletopicsincludeengineersinandoutof
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internationaleducation,internationalworkenvironments,transnationalidentitiesandidentity
issues,transnationalorganizations,researchcollaborations,globalnormativities,andencounters
amongengineersandnon-engineersacrosscountryborders.
TheSeriesjuxtaposescontributionsfromdistinctdisciplinary,analytical,andgeographical
perspectivestoencouragereaderstolookbeyondfamiliarintellectualandgeographicalboundaries
forinsightandguidance.Holdingparamountthegoalofhigh-qualityscholarship,itofferslearning
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andlistening.
InventingaEuropeanNation:EngineersforPortugal,fromBaroquetoFascism
MariaPaulaDiogoandTiagoSaraiva
2020
EngineersforKorea
KyongheeHanandGaryLeeDowney
2014
iii
DesigningDevelopment:CaseStudyofanInternationalEducationandOutreach
Program
AdityaJohriandAkshaySharma
2013
MergingLanguagesandEngineering:PartneringAcrosstheDisciplines
JohnM.Grandin
2013
WhatisGlobalEngineeringEducationFor?TheMakingofInternationalEducators,Part
III
GaryLeeDowneyandKaceyBeddoes
2010
WhatisGlobalEngineeringEducationFor?TheMakingofInternationalEducators,Part
I&II
GaryLeeDowneyandKaceyBeddoes
2010
Copyright©2021byMorgan&Claypool
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedin
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InventingaEuropeanNation:EngineersforPortugal,fromBaroquetoFascism
MariaPaulaDiogoandTiagoSaraiva
www.morganclaypool.com
ISBN:9781627055154 paperback
ISBN:9781627055161 ebook
ISBN:9781681737874 hardcover
DOI10.2200/S00990ED1V01Y202002GES006
APublicationintheMorgan&ClaypoolPublishersseries
SYNTHESISLECTURESONGLOBALENGINEERING
Lecture#6
SeriesEditor:GaryDowney,VirginiaTech
SeriesAssistantEditor:KaceyBeddoes,OregonStateUniversity
SeriesISSN
Print2160-7664 Electronic2160-7672
Inventing a European Nation
Engineers for Portugal, from Baroque to Fascism
Maria Paula Diogo
NOVASchoolofScienceandTechnology
Tiago Saraiva
DrexelUniversity
SYNTHESISLECTURESONGLOBALENGINEERING#6
M
&C Morgan &cLaypool publishers
ABSTRACT
This book deals with the simultaneous making of Portuguese engineers and the Portuguese
nation-statefromthemidseventeenthcenturytothelatetwentiethcentury.Itarguesthatthe
differentmeaningsofbeinganengineerweredirectlydependentofprojectsofnationbuilding
and that one cannot understand the history of engineering in Portugal without detailing such
projects.Symmetrically,theauthorssuggestthattheverysameabilityofcollectivelyimagining
anationreliedonlargemeasureonengineersandtheirpractices.Nationalculturewasnotonly
enactedthroughpoetry,music,andhistory,butitdemandedaswellfortresses,railroads,steam
engines,anddams.
Portuguese engineers imagined their country in dialogue with Italian, British, French,
German or American realities, many times overlapping such references. The book exemplifies
how history of engineering makes more salient the transnational dimensions of national his-
tory. This is valid beyond the Portuguese case and draws attention to the potential of history
ofengineeringforreshapingnationalhistoriesandtheirlocalspecificitiesintoglobalnarratives
relevantforreadersacrossdifferentgeographies.
KEYWORDS
Portugal,engineeringandnationbuilding,militaryengineers,civilengineers,rail-
ways,dams,colonialengineering
vii
Contents
1 Introduction .......................................................1
1.1 WhytoWriteandReadaBookonPortugueseEngineers?................ 1
1.2 MethodologicalQuestions.......................................... 2
1.3 TheStructureoftheBook .......................................... 5
2 MakingEngineersPortuguese ........................................9
2.1 TheArtilleryandGeometryClass(1641)andtheRestorationofNational
Independence .................................................... 9
2.2 ManueldeAzevedoFortesandthePortugueseEngineer ................ 14
2.3 EngineerandCourtier ............................................ 21
2.4 EngineersandtheLisbonEarthquake(1755) ......................... 26
3 EngineeringtheLiberalState ........................................33
3.1 TheMakingoftheLiberalEngineer:TheArmySchoolandtheLisbon
PolytechnicSchool ............................................... 34
3.2 MakingCivilEngineersinPortugalandAbroad ....................... 40
3.3 PortugalRegeneratedortheSaintSimonianEngineersinPower .......... 43
3.4 ConqueringaNewProfessionalTerritory–TheAssociaçãodos
EngenheirosCivisPortugueses(AssociationofPortugueseCivilEngineers) . 48
4 Engineers,IndustrialWorkers,andtheBourgeoisCity ...................57
4.1 Saint-SimoninPortugalandtheFoundingoftheLisbonIndustrial
Institute........................................................ 57
4.2 Worker’sEmancipationThroughTechnicalEducation .................. 62
4.3 TheIndustrialInstituteandCityReform ............................. 64
4.4 Opera,Precision,andtheIndustrialInstitute .......................... 68
5 TheColonialFaceofPortugueseEngineering...........................75
5.1 EngineeringaEuropeanCountryThroughPublicWorksinAfrica ........ 77
5.2 NationalPrestigeandProfessionalStrategies .......................... 81
viii
6 TheModernistEngineer ............................................91
6.1 TransportationandFixation,ortheEngineer’sNewIdentity ............. 91
6.2 RepublicanEducationandtheTechnicalInstitute:TechnikComesto
Portugal........................................................ 97
6.3 IndustryandtheTechnicalInstituteEngineers ....................... 101
6.4 TheDictatorshipandtheRationalManagementoftheCountry’sResources 107
7 EngineeringtheFascistNewState ...................................113
7.1 RegainingPower:The“SocialRole”ofPortugueseEngineersinthe
Dictatorship ................................................... 114
7.2 IrrigatingthePortugueseGarden .................................. 120
7.3 ArchDamsandAmericanModeledResearchEngineers ............... 128
8 Conclusion ......................................................139
8.1 RevolutionaryYearsBetweenTechnocracyandDemocracy.............. 139
8.2 NewDisciplinesandInstitutions................................... 142
8.3 SummarizingtheArgument ...................................... 146
Authors’Biographies ..............................................151
