Table Of ContentINVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES OF EUROPE.
DISTRIBUTION, IMPACTS AND MANAGEMENT
INVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES
OF EUROPE.
DISTRIBUTION, IMPACTS AND
MANAGEMENT
Edited by
Erkki Leppäkoski
Department of Bio!ogy,
Abo Akademi Universitv,
Turku, Finland
Stephan Gollasch
GoConsult,
Hamburg, Germany
and
Sergej Olenin
Coastal Research and Planning Institute,
Klaipeda University,
Klaipeda, Lithuania
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.Y.
A C.LP. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-6111-9 ISBN 978-94-015-9956-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9956-6
Printed on acid}ree paper
Photo:Stel2han Gollasch, 1998
Juvenile Chinese Mitten Crabs migrating upstream in the river EIbe near Hamburg. The crab was
first recorded in German waters in 1912. Mass developments occurred in 1930s, 1960s and 1990s.
All Rights Reserved
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2002
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Contents
Contents
Introduction
AIien Species in European Waters ................................................................................... 1
Leppäkoski, Gollasch & Olenin
Bioinvasion Ecology: Assessing Invasion Impact and Scale ............................................ 7
Carlton
Who is Who Among Nonindigenous Species
Protists -A Dominant Component ofthe Ballast-Transported Biota ............................. 20
Hülsmann & Galil
Introduced Marine Algae and Vascular Plants in European Aquatic Environments ...... 27
Wallentinus
Coscinodiscus wailesii -A Nuisance Diatom in European Waters ................................ 53
Laing & Gollasch
The Comb Jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Black Sea ...................................................... 56
Kideys
The Predatory Water Flea Cercopagis pengoi in the Baltic Sea: Invasion History,
Distribution and Implications to Ecosystem Dynamics .................................................. 62
Telesh & Ojaveer
History and Success of an Invasion into the Baltic Sea: The Polychaete
Marenzelleria cf. viridis, Development and Strategies .................................................. 66
Zettler, Daunys, Kotta & Bick
Alien Crayfish in Europe: Negative and Positive Impacts and Interactions
with Native Crayfish ....................................................................................................... 76
Westman
Invasion History, Biology and Impacts ofthe Baikalian Amphipod
Gmelinoides fasciatus .................................................................... '" .............................. 96
Panov & Berezina
Ponto-Caspian Amphipods and Mysids in the Inland Waters ofLithuania:
History of Introduction, Current Distribution and
Relations With Native Malacostracans ......................................................................... l04
Arbaciauskas
Teredo navalis -The Cryptogenic Shipworm ............................................................... 1 16
Hoppe
v
vi Contents
Introduction and Acclimatisation ofthe Pacific Carpet Clam,
Tapes philippinarum, to Italian Waters ........................................................................ 120
Breber
Dreissena (D.) polymorpha: Evolutionary Origin and Biological Peculiarities
as Prerequisites of Invasion Success ............................................................................. 127
Orlova
Zebra Mussei: Impacts and Spread ............................................................................... 135
Minehin, Lucy & Sullivan
Red King Crab (Paralithodes camtshaticus) and Pink Salmon
(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in the Barents Sea ............................................................. 147
Petryashov, Chernova, Denisenko & Sundet
Alien Freshwater Fishes of Europe ............................................................................... 153
Lehtonen
Introduced Semiaquatic Birds and Mammals in Europe .............................................. 162
Nummi
Genetics on Invasive Species ....................................................................................... 173
Müller & Griebeler
Vectors
Vectors -How Exotics Get Around .............................................................................. 183
Minehin & Gollasch
Oyster Imports as a Vector for the Introduction of Alien Species into
Northern and Western European Coastal Waters ......................................................... 193
Wo!jJ & Reise
Exotics for Stocking and AquacuIture, Making Correct Decisions .............................. 206
Minehin & Rosenthai
Life in Ballast Tanks .................................................................................................... 217
Gollasch, Macdonald, Belson, Botnen, Christensen, Hamer, Houvenaghel,
Jelmert, Lucas, Masson, McCollin, Oien in, Persson, Wallentinus, Wetsteyn &
Wittling
Ballast Tank Sediments ................................................................................................ 232
Hamer
Regional Overviews
Biological Invasions in the White Sea .......................................................................... 235
Berger & Naumov
Introduced Marine Organisms in Norwegian Waters, Including Svalbard ................... 240
Hopkins
The Baltic Sea -a Field Laboratory for Invasion Biology ............................................ 253
Leppäkoski, Olenin & Gollasch
Introduced Marine Species ofthe North Sea Coasts .................................................... 260
Reise, Gollasch & Wo!jJ
Exotics ofCoastal and Inland Waters ofIreland and Britain ....................................... 267
Minehin & Eno
Contents vii
Open Atlantic Coast of Europe -A Century of Introduced Species
into French Waters ....................................................................................................... 276
Goulletquer, Bachelet, Sauriau & Noel
Review ofNon-native Marine Plants in the Mediterranean Sea ................................... 291
Ribera Siguan
Current Status of Aquatic Introductions in Italy ........................................................... 311
Occhipinti Ambrogi
A Sea Change - Exotics in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea .......................................... 325
Galil & Zenetos
The Marmara Sea, A Link Between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea .................. 337
Ozturk
The Black Sea -A Recipient, Donor and Transit Area for Alien Species .................... 341
Gomoiu, Alexandrov, Shadrin & Zaitsev
Invaders in the Caspian Sea .......................................................................................... 3 51
Aladin, Plotnikov & Filippov
Invasions by Alien Species in Inland Freshwater Bodies
in Western Europe: The Rhine Delta ............................................................................ 360
van der Velde, Nagelkerken, Rajagopal & bij de Vaate
Biological Invasions into German Waters: An Evaluation ofthe Importance of
Different Human-mediated Vectors for Nonindigenous Macrozoobenthic Species ..... 3 73
Nehring
Invasive Ponto-Caspian Species in Waters ofthe Vistula and Oder Basins
and the Southern Baltic Sea .......................................................................................... 384
Jazdzewski & Konopacka
The Caspian-Volga-Baltic Invasion Corridor ............................................................... 399
Slynko, Korneva, Rivier, Papchenkov, Scherbina, Orlova & Therriault
Impacts
Ecological Impact ofPonto-Caspian Invaders in the Baltic Sea, European Inland
Waters and the Great Lakes: an Inter-ecosystem Comparison .................................... .412
Ojaveer, Leppäkoski, Olenin & Ricciardi
Fast Turnover in Dominance of Exotic Species in the Rhine River Determines
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: An Affair Between Amphipods and Musseis .426
Haas, Brunke & Streit
Impacts of Zebra Musseis on Aquatic Communities and their Role
as Ecosystem Engineers ............................................................................................... .433
Karatayev, Burlakova & Padilla
Risk Assessment
Hazard Analysis of Aquatic Species Invasions ........................................................... .447
Gollasch
Risk Assessment ofMarine Biological Invasions ....................................................... .456
Hewitt & Hayes
viii Contents
Risk Based Methodology to Assess Invasive Aquatic Species in Ballast Water. ........ .467
Haugom, Behrens & Andersen
Nature Conservation Implications ofMarine Biological Invasions ............................. .477
Eno & Hamer
Treatment Measures
Preventive Treatment and Control Techniques for Ballast Water ............................... .484
Taylor, Rigby, Gollasch, Voigt, Hallegraeff, McCollin & Jelmert
The Biological Efficacy of Open Ocean Exchange - Implications for Ballast
Water Management ...................................................................................................... 508
Galil & Hülsmann
Filtration as aBallast Water Treatment Measure ......................................................... 511
Cangelosi
Databases
Databases on Aquatic Alien Species: North and Mediterranean Seas and
Non-European Initiatives .............................................................................................. 520
Gollasch
Internet Database on Alien Species in the Baltic Sea ................................................... 525
Oien in, Leppäkoski & Daunys
Epilogue
Toward Understanding Patterns ofCoastal Marine Invasions: A Prospectus .............. 529
Ruiz & Hewitt
References .................................................................................................................... 548
ix
Preface
The global scale of alien species invasions is becoming more and more evident in the
beginning ofthe new millennium. Though the problem ofbiological invasions became a
rapidly growing research area, there are large gaps still, both geographically and the
matically, to be filled in the near future.
This book is the first attempt to provide an overall picture of aquatic species invasions
in Europe. Its geographical scope stretches from Irish waters in the west to Volga River
and the Caspian Sea in the east, and from Mediterranean in the south up to the Arctic
coast of Europe. Not all parts of the continent could be equally covered, as in some
countries species invasions are not studied yet. The book tends to represent the array of
all major European aquatic systems on the broadest geographical and ecological scope
possible from fully saline seas, semi-enclosed brackish water bodies and coastallagoons
to freshwater lakes, major river systems and waterways. The key objectives include the
present status and impacts caused by non-native aquatic species in European waters.
Please note that lengthy species lists submitted for publication and additional informa
tion were put on the Internet, as the electronical version of these tables benefits from
computer assisted search for data (http://www.ku.lt/nemo/EuroAquaInvaders.htm).
Altogether more than 100 scientists from 24 countries have joined to synthesize the
available information on bioinvasions. However, the book does not claim to be fully
comprehensive. To complete the picture, we asked non-European authors to contribute
with facts not yet being dealt with in the European research arena.
The idea of this volume originates from activities of the Baltic Marine Biologists
(BMB), a non-governmental scientific organisation that established a working group on
nonindigenous estuarine and marine species in 1994. The book benefited a lot from co
operation with similar working groups of the International Maritime Organization
(IMO), the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), and the Nordic
Council of Ministers. We are indebted to these organisations as well as to the Academy
ofFinland for funding major parts ofthe editorial work. We thank all our colleagues for
their individual efforts in gathering information in many hardly accessible and scattered
local sources and making this available to an international reader. We also gratefully
acknowledge Camilla Roos, MSc, for her patient editing of miscellaneous vers ions of
"continental" English and technical assistance in shaping up of the book.
Turku, Hamburg and Klaipeda, lune 2002
The Editors
Alien Speeies in European Waters
Introduction
ALlEN SPECIES IN EUROPEAN W ATERS
ERKKI LEPPÄKOSKI1', STEPHAN GOLLASCH2 &
SERGEJ OLENIN3
1D epartment 0/ Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
2GoConsult, Hamburg, Germany
3Coastal Research and Planning Institute, Klaipeda University,
Klaipeda, Lithuania
'Corresponding author eleppakoski@aboji
Abstract
It is evident that the history of introduction of nonindigenous aquatic speeies into Europe dates
back to pre-historic times. In this paper, we review from a historical perspective some of the
human activities that have facilitated the potential of alien species from all eontinents but Antarc
ti ca to become established in coastal and inland waters ofEurope.
1 Biological invasions: global chaUenge for newage
Biological invasions assoeiated with human activities, resulting in global mixing of
previously isolated biota, are recognised as one of the major elements of the global
change. Many natural dispersal barriers for both terrestrial and aquatic species have
been weakened, whereby the number of both potential invaders and remote source areas
has increased. Geographie isolation of seas and continents as a creator and conservator
of global biodiversity was breached several centuries aga and continues to melt down at
increasing rate in recent deeades (Bright 1998; Dukes & Mooney 1999; Leppäkoski &
Olenin 2001).
Results of this global exchange of species are evident in most seas and inland waters of
Europe. Much of its present structural and functional diversity is of foreign origin. We
have defined this human-mediated addition of nonindigenous species as xenodiversity
(Gr. xenos - strange) to indicate diversity caused by nonindigenous (non-native, alien,
exotic, introduced) species (Leppäkoski & Olenin 2000). In some heavily invaded
aquatic ecosystems, xenodiversity tends to reach and even exceed native biodiversity in
terms of the number of species and life forms, and strongly affects the rate of ecosystem
funetions. Even if the receiving eeosystems can become more diverse in terms of spe
cies number they also become more similar to the rest ofthe world.
Biological invasions, one ofthe top research areas in current days, have a long history.
Ancient tribes and their prime val agriculture, nomadism and lifestyle as hunter-
E. Leppäkoski et al. (eds.), lnvasive Aquatic Species of Europe, 1--6.
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Description:The global scale of alien species invasions is becoming more and more evident in the beginning ofthe new millennium. Though the problem ofbiological invasions became a rapidly growing research area, there are large gaps still, both geographically and the matically, to be filled in the near future.
