Table Of ContentInvasive Alien Species
Invasive Alien Species
Observations and Issues from Around the World
Volume 1: Issues and Invasions in Africa
Editors
T. Pullaiah
Department of Botany
Sri Krishadevaraya University
Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh
India
Michael R. Ielmini
National Invasive Species Program Manager
USDA Forest Service
National Forest System Headquarters
Washington, DC
USA
This edition first published 2021
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as
permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at
http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of T. Pullaiah and Michael R. Ielmini to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this
work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Offices
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Office
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us
at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that
appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations
or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim
all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular
purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional
statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a
citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse
the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make.
This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services.
The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a
specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed
or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall
be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental,
consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Pullaiah, T., editor. | Ielmini, Michael R., editor.
Title: Invasive alien species : observations and issues from around the
world / T. Pullaiah, Department of Botany, Sri Krishadevaraya
University, India, Michael R. Ielmini, National Invasive Species Program
Manager, USDA Forest Service, National Forest System Headquarters,
Washington DC.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell, 2021. | Includes
bibliographical references and index. | Contents: Volume 1: Issues and
invasions in Africa – Volume 2: Issues and invasions in Asia and the
Pacific region – Volume 3: Issues and invasions in Europe – Volume 4:
Issues and invasions in the Americas and the Caribbean.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020032123 (print) | LCCN 2020032124 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119607021 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119607014 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781119607038 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Introduced organisms. | Biological invasions. |
Biodiversity conservation.
Classification: LCC QH353 .P85 2021 (print) | LCC QH353 (ebook) | DDC
333.95/23–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020032123
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020032124
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: smile3377/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
List of Contributors xi
1 Invasive Alien Species: A Prodigious Global Threat in the Anthropocene 1
Michael R. Ielmini and K.V. Sankaran
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Global Significance of the Invasive Alien Species Threat 4
1.3 Steps Along the Journey 7
1.4 Foundations of Invasion Ecology and Management – Origins, Perspectives,
and Trajectory into the Twenty-First Century 12
1.5 Reducing Risk and Preventing Invasions – The First Line of Defense 19
1.5.1 A Case for Prevention and Regional Biosecurity 25
1.6 The Second Line of Defense – Early Detection and Rapid Response 28
1.6.1 Predator Free New Zealand – A Community-Based EDRR Program 32
1.7 Global Biological Security and the Threat of IAS Introductions 33
1.7.1 Conscious Integration of IAS Concerns 33
1.7.2 Elevating the Biosecurity Threat of IAS in the Environmental, Business, Health,
and Economic Sectors 38
1.7.3 Impact of Climate Change on Invasion by Alien Species 43
1.8 Unification, Collaboration, and Cooperation – A Global Call to Action
Against IAS 44
1.8.1 Gaps and Barriers to Surmount Within Existing Structures and Programs
to Accelerate Unification, Collaboration, and Cooperation Against IAS 49
1.8.2 Promoting Innovative Solutions and Technological Advancements 56
1.9 Conclusion 58
Acknowledgments 61
References 62
2 Reproductive Traits That Foster the Invasion of Four Alien Plant Species
in Botswana 80
Demel Teketay, Thabo Mafote, Kamogelo K. Puodipe, Pauline B. Mompati,
Neo Nkoborwane, Thembinkosi Mathowa, and Witness Mojeremane
2.1 Introduction 80
2.2 Materials and Methods 82
vi Contents
2.2.1 Study Species 82
2.2.1.1 Mexican Poppy (Argemone mexicana L.) 82
2.2.1.2 Milkweed [Gomphocarpus fruiticosus (L.) W.T. Aiton] 85
2.2.1.3 Prickly Sesban [Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight] 87
2.2.1.4 Wild Sunflower [Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Gray] 90
2.2.2 Study Site 91
2.2.3 Methods 93
2.2.3.1 Mexican Poppy (Argemone mexicana) 93
2.2.3.2 Milkweed (Gomphocarpus fruiticosus) 94
2.2.3.3 Prickly Sesban (Sesbania bispinosa) 95
2.2.3.4 Wild Sunflower (Verbesina encelioides) 96
2.3 Results 97
2.3.1 Mexican Poppy (Argemone mexicana) 97
2.3.2 Milkweed (Gomphocarpus fruiticosus) 98
2.3.3 Prickly Sesban (Sesbania bispinosa) 99
2.3.4 Wild Sunflower (Verbesina encelioides) 100
2.4 Discussion 102
2.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 106
References 107
3 The Worst Invasive Species to Egypt 112
Wafaa M. Amer
3.1 Azolla filiculoides Lam. 112
3.2 Bassia indica (Wight) A.J. Scott 113
3.3 Bidens pilosa L. 115
3.4 Caulerpa taxifolia (M. Vahl) C. Agardh 116
3.5 Eichhornia crassipes (C. Mart.) Solms-Laub 118
3.6 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D.F. Austin 119
3.7 Ludwigia stolonifera (Guill. & Perr.) Raven 120
3.8 Persicaria senegalensis (Meisn.) Soják (Syn. Polygonum senegalense Meisn) 122
3.9 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. 123
3.10 Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. 124
3.11 Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) 126
3.12 Lates niloticus (L.) 127
3.13 Procambarus clarkia (Girard, 1852) 129
3.14 Gambusia affinis (S.F. Baird and Girard, 1853) 130
3.15 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) 131
References 132
4 Status, Trends, and Scenarios of Invasive Alien Species in Gabon 139
Jean Bruno Mikissa, Aurelie Flore Koumba Pambo, Emmanuel Bayani Ngoyi,
Kathryn J. Jeffery, Lee White, and Katharine Abernethy
4.1 Introduction 139
4.2 Status of Invasive Alien Species 140
4.3 Trends 141
Contents vii
4.4 Scenarios, Pathways, and Vectors of Invasion 142
4.5 Conclusion and Recommendations 143
References 143
Web Site Source 144
5 Invasive Alien Species (IAS) of Ghana 145
Michael Kwabena Osei, Kofi Frimpong-Anin, Joseph Adjebeng-Danquah,
Benedicta Nsiah Frimpong, and Joseph Adomako
5.1 Introduction 145
5.2 Status of IAS in Ghana 152
5.2.1 Types of IAS Found in Ghana 152
5.2.2 IAS Distributions, Ecology, and Assessments 152
5.2.2.1 Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants 153
5.2.2.2 Invasive Alien Terrestrial Plants 153
5.3 Selected Invasive Alien Species: Ecology and Characteristics 153
5.3.1 Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) (Mart) Solms-Laub.
(Pontederiaceae) 153
5.3.2 Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata) (L.) King & Robinson (= Eupatorium
odoratum L.) 157
5.3.3 Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) 157
5.3.4 Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica Bowdich) 158
5.4 Threats of IAS in Ghana 158
5.4.1 Effect of Invasive Species on Agriculture 159
5.4.2 Effect of Invasive Alien Species on Water Bodies 160
5.4.3 Effect of Invasive Alien Species on Genetic Resources 160
5.4.4 Economic Impact of Invasive Alien Species 160
5.5 Management of IAS in Ghana 161
5.5.1 Physical Control 162
5.5.2 Chemical Control 163
5.5.3 Biological Control 163
5.5.4 Integrated Control 163
5.6 Policies and Awareness Programs in Ghana 164
5.6.1 Policies and Conventions for the Control of IAS 166
5.6.1.1 Ghana Policy Framework 166
5.6.1.2 Implementing Agencies on IAS 168
5.6.1.3 Sensitization and Awareness Creation for IAS 168
5.7 Conclusion 169
References 169
6 Invasive Alien Species in Libya 173
Mohammed H. Mahklouf and Esmail A. Shakman
6.1 Introduction 173
6.2 Plant Invasion 174
6.3 Pathways of Introduction of Alien Plant Species 177
6.4 Methods of Management 178
viii Contents
6.5 What Should Be Done About Invasive Alien Plants, and Who Should Do
This? 178
6.6 Marine Invasion 179
6.7 Topography and Geography of the Libyan Coast 179
6.8 What Is an Exotic Fish Species? 180
6.9 Origin and Dispersal of Marine Invasive Species 181
6.10 Marine Alien Species Inventory 182
6.11 Impact of Marine Alien Species on the Libyan Coast 183
References 189
7 Elements for Reflection on Primary Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in Morocco:
Actual and Potential Impacts 196
Mohamed Menioui
7.1 Introduction 196
7.2 Nature of IAS in Morocco 197
7.2.1 Terrestrial IAS 198
7.2.2 IAS of Continental Wetlands 209
7.2.3 IAS of Marine and Coastal Waters 213
7.3 Main Reasons for Introducing IAS in Morocco 216
7.3.1 Deliberate Introductions 216
7.3.1.1 Aquaculture Activities 216
7.3.1.2 Agricultural Activities 216
7.3.1.3 Silvicultural Activities 217
7.3.1.4 Leisure and Gardening Activities 217
7.3.2 Unintentional Introductions 217
7.3.3 Factors Aggravating the Impact of IAS in Morocco 218
7.4 Actual and Potential Impacts of IAS in Morocco 219
7.4.1 Impacts on the Urban Environment 219
7.4.2 Impacts on Agricultural (Agriculture and Livestock), Forestry, and Fisheries
Ecosystems 219
7.4.3 Impacts on Human Health 221
7.4.4 Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 221
7.4.5 Socioeconomic Impacts 222
7.5 Morocco and the Fight Against Invasive Alien Species 223
7.6 Conclusion 225
References 227
8 Invasive Alien Species of Sierra Leone 242
Prince E. Norman, Jonathan Johnny, Sheku K. Moiforay, and Yvonne S.G.E. Norman
8.1 Introduction 242
8.2 Concepts of Invasive Alien, Native, and Naturalized Species 244
8.3 Analysis of Diversity within Invasive Alien Species in Sierra Leone 244
8.4 Mode of Introduction of Invasive Alien Species in Sierra Leone 254
8.5 Impacts of Invasive Alien Species in Sierra Leone 255
8.6 Management of Invasive Alien Species in Sierra Leone 257
Contents ix
8.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects 259
References 259
9 Alien Invasive Species in Tanzania 263
John K. Bukombe, Ally K. Nkwabi, Lazaro J. Mangewa, Emmanuel A. Sweke,
Pius Y. Kavana, Steven D. Liseki, and Hamza H. Kija
9.1 Introduction 263
9.2 Legal Framework and Laws on Invasive Alien Species in Tanzania 264
9.3 Status of Alien Species 265
9.4 Factors Involved in the Spread of Invasive Alien Species in Tanzania 267
9.4.1 Natural Factors 267
9.4.2 Human-Induced (Anthropogenic) Factors 269
9.5 Examples of Impacts from IAS in Tanzania 270
9.5.1 Plants 270
9.5.1.1 Whitetop (Parthenium hysterophorus) 270
9.5.1.2 Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) 271
9.5.1.3 Tick berry (Lantana camara) 272
9.5.1.4 Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) 272
9.5.1.5 Prosopis (Prosopis juliflora) 273
9.5.1.6 Senna spectabilis 274
9.5.2 Vertebrates 274
9.5.2.1 House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) 274
9.5.2.2 Indian House Crow (Corvus splendens) 275
9.5.2.3 Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) 276
9.5.2.4 Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 277
9.5.3 Invertebrates 277
9.5.3.1 Fall Armyworms (Spodoptera frugiperda) 277
9.5.3.2 Tomato Leaf Minor (Tuta absoluta) 278
9.5.3.3 Cinara cupressi 278
9.5.3.4 Heteropsylla cubana 278
9.5.3.5 Eucalyptus gall wasp (Leptocybe invasa) 278
9.6 Conclusion and Recommendations 278
9.6.1 Conclusion 278
9.6.2 Recommendations 279
Appendix 280
References 284
10 Invasive Alien Species in Togo (West Africa) 291
Kouami Kokou, Komlan Mawuli Afiademanyo, and Lakpo Koku Agboyi
10.1 Introduction 291
10.2 Overview 292
10.3 Invasive Alien Plant Species of Togo 294
10.4 Invasive Alien Mollusk of Togo: The Invasive Giant African Land Snail 298
10.5 Invasive Alien Insects of Togo 300
10.6 IAS Management Strategy in Togo 304
x Contents
10.7 Conclusion 308
References 308
11 Invasive Alien Species in Zambia 313
Stanford Mudenda Siachoono, Stephen Syampungani, and Jhonnah Mundike
11.1 Introduction 313
11.2 Alien Animal Invasive Species and Implications on Ecosystem Management
and Integrity in Zambia 314
11.2.1 The Red-Claw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) 314
11.2.2 Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 315
11.3 Plant Invasive Species and Their Management 316
11.3.1 Spanish Flag (Lantana camara) 316
11.3.2 Mimosa (Mimosa pigra) 318
11.3.3 Control Measures for Lantana camara and Mimosa pigra 319
11.3.4 Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Kariba Weed (Salvinia molesta) 321
11.3.5 Mexican Sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) 321
11.4 Legislative Framework 323
11.5 Conclusion 324
References 325
12 Invasive Alien Species in Zimbabwe (Southern Africa) 330
Claid Mujaju, Nhamo Mudada, and Godfrey Pasurai Chikwenhere
12.1 Introduction 330
12.2 Overview of Zimbabwe 332
12.3 Invasive Alien Species of Zimbabwe 334
12.3.1 Terrestrial Invasive Alien Species 334
12.3.1.1 Invasive Alien Plants 334
12.3.1.2 Invasive Alien Insects 340
12.3.2 Aquatic Invasive Alien Species 347
12.3.2.1 Invasive Alien Plants 347
12.3.2.2 Invasive Alien Fish 352
12.4 IAS Management Strategy and Control 354
12.5 Conclusion 357
References 358
Index 362
xi
List of Contributors
Katharine Abernethy John K. Bukombe
University of Stirling Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute
Stirling (TAWIRI)
UK Arusha
Tanzania
Joseph Adjebeng-Danquah
Council for Scientific and Industrial
Godfrey Pasurai Chikwenhere
Research (CSIR) – Savannah Agricultural
Department of Research and Specialist
Research Institute
Services
Tamale
Research Services Division
Ghana
Harare
Joseph Adomako Zimbabwe
Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR) – Crops Research Institute Benedicta Nsiah Frimpong
Kumasi Council for Scientific and Industrial
Ghana Research (CSIR) – Crops Research
Institute
Komlan Mawuli Afiademanyo
Kumasi
Department of Zoology Ghana
University of Lomé
Lomé
Kofi Frimpong-Anin
Togo
Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR) – Crops Research
Lakpo Koku Agboyi
Institute
CAB International
Kumasi
Accra
Ghana
Ghana
Wafaa M. Amer Michael R. Ielmini
Botany and Microbiology Department National Forest System Headquarters
Faculty of Science USDA Forest Service
Cairo University Washington
Giza DC
Egypt USA
