Introduzione alla Struttura della Materia

680 Pages·2007·63.21 MB·Italian

by  Armando Francesco Borghesani

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Praezfione
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docnotona pteltpraomr aiv odlrutataine ll ro o coifn no admedneltlai
curriuclusmt iu di
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cocneftodtnaim entMaelcnici Sacdttaseaii tlcClalsa as cihcieagn ,e enn eovrne ngono
piaùffn rtonaectlurii r cudlAiuts omrn oaem,g i ieunnadgfiono admednletMliea c ncia­
cQau nasttiqiucseatc,oo rdSsirto u tdtleulMraata ea for risncliebe a csoien tactlpuie r
lcao pmrseindoelnFlaei sMioecdraan.
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moi engsnaodm eeClno trdsLioa uirFnei asa itctarl:aa' vnleaidrselsiegiop s emreinti
chhena nsoc odsasflnoold ea mleFansi tiac a sCailrr iaavsm asor isactlrea'es igenza
cotnatcludeieitn ruorrndeu opvariga m:qdi uiledille Flsiai dceQaiua n.Qt uievsatnin o
cotnrlno't iuifizisicooainr,get i danla ialen'rtazciomolonn dmeoca orscompapi ecro­,
metltsaop nioe gdaelgzlari aomnnedesde sri sei tu alstpimiee rnetl apalrv sieii doin e
uelortrifnieo emn. i
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maitcpoeh,rès cc ie rscoaaptt rttluoca o mepnrsdieoln efisi secsnoos tot aolsltea nte
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nailg aiot mailm,lo el eaiclio'enl rtea,rz aiadozinieo naee -adnml ua ctdelelarel'otiom o.
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Ionlatnrcesh,ete um aaetelni Ctlo rdsSirot u tdtleuMlraata ea r iipCelor rd sLioa urea
iFnsi ièsc tasa ptaoalds oot ipCloo rdsIitos i tduFizi isTooienrciica co panra, az limeo ­
didfiecrllaeta ipvroao mgmrqaus,ett oes spitu poòr orpceoo urmtesi uilsdedsi itodct aoi
pegrls it uddFiesi niatctliae arnznoo .
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moslstiiemiddo lo, Ft rntac.e Asncocotip tleiocr os niegl dleii s iocn.ui ss
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erasntroasi tcrioa nntteipli rlmeaad izione.
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podsetligoin lieizs ietamrpdaiat Fltilisda lie lScaotatS oo llitade aood ,lreL iamsbht i f
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Indie c
MeccaniSctiaas ttCilscasai ca 3
I
CammCisanuoa le
1 5
II. R anWdaolimkIn D miens.i one 6
12. Vlaomreipd eiicr l a mmciaansl.oue 8
13. Lmiie tgprneard i . 9
N . . . . . . . .
14. DsiitbruzGiaounsdesPi ior abbnaiàal it 10
Toerciian etica
2 13
21. Libcemarmooim neod diei mneaniots mciiho.e 14
21..T1me pdoci o sliloine ... .. ... . . 14
21.2. Tmepdoci o slileosi neez diu'otrno.e 15
2.D2e rtmeziindoaenblee crlaoim min.o medio 18
InsSiteamtii stici
3 23
31. Insmiieocmcreai ncoon 23
3.N2u emrdoe sgtlaaicet csis .i bili 24
3.I3en rtoanzteiei rcm.a. .. . . 25
3.l3 D.si itbrudzeiino genifrears ai smtcaermois copici2 5
3.3E.uq2lii Tbrermiio.c .o . . . . .. . . . .27. . . .
4 Sisiteneq muiit leirbmriicoo
29
41. Dsiitbruczainoon.ne i ca 29
41..S1ie smmtica ropsiccoi 31
4.D2si itbruzcianooncneli ac.s as ica 31
4.12 C.aldcio lf3o . 34
. . . • .
4.D3si itbruzmiaoxinwaeend lael vlelcleàio t 34
4.D4si itbrudzuiin ocano em peo n..e n..t 36
4.D5si itubrzidoenle movdeullào oc .id tella 38
4.O6s lctlioaArrem oLnieinacr.oe . .. . . 40
4.16 D.irsiztbiudoencliol doeitr neea mdoeemin ti 42
4.T7oe ermdaei q urzitipidoalenelen'g eira 44
4.V8la omreind ei'nl iislecmaen o.ni..c .o 45
4.E9n ptir.ao . . .. ... . .. . . . . . 4.6
.
4.19 D.iepnddeanpiza arr aeimts ee.tr ni 47
INDICE
li
4.9D.ei2rv adzelitlaoen renm aomdi.ic.a . 48
41.O Tremdoinadmuiign ca ieasda mloent ooam.i co 50
41.10P .aorsadsdGioi b.b.s ... . . 52
41.E1s edmMipe ic icacSa atnstiticcaals s.i ca 53
41. Paarmgansemtcoil a.s si.c o. . . 53
L.l
41.2De emtrizinnoadee Nlum edrAiov ogadro 56
41..2M1o dedlleallt'ome orisoastf e.r ma 56
41..22S emdeinta.z ione 58
FneomdeTinar is porto
5 59
5.D1i uffiosn.e . . . .. . . . . . 59
51..E1q uadzLiia onnigene v 61
51.2. CaLsmiiie . t . .. . . 64
5.E2ffu isoet neircm.a. ... . . 65
5. 12 .Msiudreladla si itbruzdievolenlleedo ac'eliuffltsài one6 6
5.2P.er2so snTiere momorleeee:ffc tKotnloua dsen 67
5.C3o fiecfnitdetiir as.p.or.t..o . . . 68
5.3C.o fiecfnitdeeai u tffuosdniieo 68
l
5.3C.o2nc diuàbe ielltctia.rt i 71
53..C3o ncdiluàbit iteirc.ma. 72
5.43 C.ofiecfnitdeevis i cosità 76
MeccaQnuiacnat istica 81
II
Raditaezrimoincea
6
83
61. Rdaiazteiicroamn. e . . . . . . 83
61.l. L egdgKiei c rhh.o ff. . 87
61.2. Persnsediri doa izaio.n e 89
6.R2a adziitomenirecl aeis:g pg meernitali 90
6.12 L.eggdiSi t aeendf Wiie n. 90
6.M3o dnio rimunan lcaia v.i.tà. . . 94
63.l. Dendsemiiot ndàoi r .ma.l i 98
6.3E.n2ge idraui nm o dnooa rlme 99
6.3L.e3gd gRiea l ye-ieJgahns 100
6.43 D.siitbruzdPiilo an.nec. k. 110
7 LE'elttrone 107
7.S ocptedarle e!l'e t.t r.o ne. . . . 170
l
7. 1E.ps1e m reind tTioh om.s on 108
7. 21 E.sepmreindtMioi i lklan 101
Interraaazdoziinioean-teme ria
8 151
81. Effetftoeottl oter.i c.o 151
8.E2m iiostnseeir omon.ic.a. 122
INDICE
Ili
Raggi 152
9 X
91. RagXg .i. . .. . . . 152
91..L1e gdgBiaer g g 162
9.2 CEoffmept.ttoo.n . 182
9.12 E.sepmreiniltnui dc eeb ole 133
9.S3ep tRtargXog i. . ... .. . . . 133
9.13 S.pterdtsoiec trdoer giag Xi 143
9.3S.p2e ctotnrtdoieR nigau gXoi . 173
9.I4n ztierordanaiea ez-imeoarin.ta . . . 104
9.I4 P.or duzdicioo npe-ep- ie+e 104
9.4A.n2n lizacihdoicino ep .p.i. e 141
9.4S.ac3t ntTge hroim.so.n.. . 124
9.4S.eo4zn dieu't rpoe lnr'et iroanzreiaa dzii-omantaee ri 144
10N atounurdltaao dreimlaatl ear ia 174
IO .I Ntauornadt uoadlr eailtliec .epla.lr..e . . 174
1.0E2s eipmrendtDiova iosneGs er.me.r. . . . 105
I0 .E3s edmnipta iuo rnuadtl oaadr eiplralcteei lle 145
I0 .P4r ioeptoràn dtuoedlr eaimltaleaar i 175
I0 .A5n adlFiio seuir.r i. . . .. . . . . . 161
I0 .5S.ei reF orduii. e r 161
I . . . . . . .
0.5R.a2pe psrentcaozmip.ol nees sa 146
I
I0 .T6rf arosamtdeFi o ur.i e.r . . . . . .1 46
1.016E .senmtopelivdi toi r oarasmtfdeFi o urier 176
11P accdoh'entdtai 137
11.Eo1vl uzduiipno a ncetc doho' entda 137
1.12S ifigctnfiaoiis cdoep la ectcdtho'on da 167
1.13Rl ezaidoiinne itdm eizrniaone 187
12LA' tomo 138
1.2I1ml o edlaoltmoi dcTioh om.s on 138
1.22Es mpeendrtRiiou tfhoerrd 148
1.23St baidleilagtitmà oi. 129
1.24e tSAtptroim. i c...i .. 149
13To erdiBiao hlral t'dooe mIddoirg eno 201
1.3 esdielIt lape aood trBiio h.r. . . 210
l
1.3M2o dledoBli o .hr. . ... . . . . 202
1.312C .orerzipoenrmi a lsfiasn adi etniau clei 206
1.32S.ep2t dtairot imi ird oogiedni 207
1.3A3t oemsio .ti.c.i. . . . 207
1.3I3A .t odmRiiy dgb er 207
1.33P.o2ros ni.ito. . . . 209
133..A3t ommuio n.i.ci 210
143E .ccitcaoizlnoilaodilnesleaegi tm oi 211