Table Of ContentPeriodic Table of the Elements
GROUP
1
1A
1 Atomic number
1
H H Element symbol
1 2 1.01
1.01 Atomic mass*
2A hydrogen
hydrogen
Element name
3 4
Li Be
2
6.94 9.01
lithium beryllium
11 12
Na Mg
3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
22.99 24.31
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B
sodium magnesium
D 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
O K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co
I 4
R 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93
E
P potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh
5
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.95 (99) 101.07 102.91
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
6
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.21 190.23 192.22
cesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
7
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (263) (262) (265) (266)
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium
58 59 60 61 62 63
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu
Lanthanide series
140.12 140.91 144.24 (147) 150.36 151.97
cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium
90 91 92 93 94 95
Th Pa U Np Pu Am
Actinide series
(232) (231) (238) (237) (244) (243)
thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium
*The mass number of an important radioactive isotope—not the atomic mass—
is shown in parentheses for those elements with no stable isotopes.
Metals
18
Metalloids 8A
2
Nonmetals 13 14 15 16 17 He
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.00
helium
5 6 7 8 9 10
B C N O F Ne
10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
13 14 15 16 17 18
Al Si P S Cl Ar
10 11 12
26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
8B 1B 2B
aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.97 79.90 83.80
nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.60 126.90 131.29
palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
(281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (289) (293) (294) (294)
darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson
64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
(247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
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Introductory
Chemistry
SIxth EdItIon
in SI units
Nivaldo J. tro
330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013
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Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Introductory Chemistry, 6th Edition,
ISBN 978-0-134-30238-6 by Nivaldo J. Tro, published by Pearson Education © 2018.
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ISBN 10: 1-292-22968-3
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Typeset by codeMantra
Printed and bound by Vivar in Malaysia
About the Author
Nivaldo tro
has been teaching college Chemistry
since 1990. He received his Ph.D. in chemistry from Stanford
University for work on developing and using optical techniques
to study the adsorption and desorption of molecules to and
from surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum. He then went on
to the University of California at Berkeley, where he did
postdoctoral research on ultrafast reaction dynamics in solution.
Professor Tro has been awarded grants from the American
Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund, from the Research
Corporation, and from the National Science Foundation to study
the dynamics of various processes occurring in thin adlayer
films adsorbed on dielectric surfaces. Professor Tro lives in Santa
Barbara with his wife, Ann, and their four children, Michael,
Ali, Kyle, and Kaden. In his leisure time, Professor Tro enjoys
mountain biking, surfing, and being outdoors with his family.
To Annie
5
Brief Contents
Preface 21
1 the Chemical World 36
2 measurement and Problem solving 48
3 matter and energy 94
4 Atoms and elements 132
5 molecules and Compounds 166
6 Chemical Composition 202
7 Chemical reactions 240
8 Quantities in Chemical reactions 282
9 electrons in Atoms and the Periodic table 318
10 Chemical Bonding 358
11 Gases 392
12 Liquids, solids, and intermolecular Forces 442
13 solutions 478
14 Acids and Bases 518
15 Chemical equilibrium 560
16 Oxidation and reduction 606
17 radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry 642
18 Organic Chemistry 674
19 Biochemistry 728
Appendix: Mathematics review Mr-1
Answers to odd-numbered Exercises A-1
Glossary G-1
credits c-1
Index I-1
6
Contents
Preface 21
1
the Chemical
World
36
1.1 Sand and Water 37
1.2 chemicals compose ordinary things 38
1.3 the Scientific Method: how chemists think 39
EvEryday ChEmistry Combustion and the
Scientific Method 41
1.4 Analyzing and Interpreting data 42
Identifying Patterns in data 4 2
Interpreting Graphs 43
1.5 A Beginning chemist: how to Succeed 44
self-Assessment Quiz 45
Key terms 46
exercises 46
Answers to skillbuilder exercises 47
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints 47
2
measurement and
2.6 Problem Solving and unit conversion 62
Problem solving
48 converting Between units 6 3
General Problem-Solving Strategy 65
2.1 the Metric Mix-up: A $125 Million unit Error 49 2.7 Solving Multistep unit conversion
Problems 67
2.2 Scientific notation: Writing Large and
2.8 unit conversion in Both the numerator
Small numbers 49
and denominator 69
2.3 Significant Figures: Writing numbers to
2.9 units raised to a Power 70
reflect Precision 51
counting Significant Figures 5 4 ChEmistry and hEalth Drug Dosage 71
Exact numbers 54 2.10 density 73
ChEmistry in thE mEdia The COBE Satellite calculating density 74
and Very Precise Measurements That Illuminate density as a conversion Factor 75
Our Cosmic Past 55 ChEmistry and hEalth Density, Cholesterol,
2.4 Significant Figures in calculations 56 and Heart Disease 76
Multiplication and division 5 6 2.11 numerical Problem-Solving Strategies
rounding 56 and the Solution Map 77
Addition and Subtraction 57
self-Assessment Quiz 79
calculations Involving Both Multiplication/division
Key terms 85
and Addition/Subtraction 58
exercises 85
2.5 the Basic units of Measurement 60
Answers to skillbuilder exercises 93
the Base units 6 0
Prefix Multipliers 61 Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints 93
derived units 62
7
8 | contents
3.11 temperature changes: heat capacity 114
EvEryday ChEmistry Coolers, Camping,
and the Heat Capacity of Water 115
3.12 Energy and heat capacity calculations 115
self-Assessment Quiz 119
Key terms 124
exercises 124
Answers to skillbuilder exercises 131
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints 131
4
Atoms and
elements
132
4.1 Experiencing Atoms at tiburon 133
4.2 Indivisible: the Atomic theory 134
4.3 the nuclear Atom 135
4.4 the Properties of Protons, neutrons,
and Electrons 137
EvEryday ChEmistry Solid Matter? 137
4.5 Elements: defined by their numbers
of Protons 139
4.6 Looking for Patterns: the Periodic Law
and the Periodic table 141
4.7 Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons 146
Ions and the Periodic table 147
4.8 Isotopes: When the number of
3
matter and neutrons Varies 149
4.9 Atomic Mass: the Average Mass of an
energy
94 Element’s Atoms 151
ChEmistry in thE EnvironmEnt Radioactive
3.1 In your room 95 Isotopes at Hanford, Washington 152
self-Assessment Quiz 154
3.2 What Is Matter? 96
Key terms 157
3.3 classifying Matter According to Its State:
exercises 157
Solid, Liquid, and Gas 97
Answers to skillbuilder exercises 165
3.4 classifying Matter According to Its composition:
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints 165
Elements, compounds, and Mixtures 98
3.5 differences in Matter: Physical and
chemical Properties 101 5
molecules and
3.6 changes in Matter: Physical and
chemical changes 103
Compounds
Separating Mixtures through Physical changes 105 166
3.7 conservation of Mass: there Is no new Matter 105
3.8 Energy 106 5.1 Sugar and Salt 167
ChEmistry in thE EnvironmEnt Getting Energy 5.2 compounds display constant
out of Nothing? 107 composition 168
units of Energy 107 5.3 chemical Formulas: how to represent
3.9 Energy and chemical and Physical change 109 compounds 169
3.10 temperature: random Motion of Polyatomic Ions in chemical Formulas 171
Molecules and Atoms 110 types of chemical Formulas 172
