Introduction to Wireless Communication Circuits

534 Pages·2018·9.77 MB·English

by  Forouhar Farzaneh

Introduction to W
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Forouhar Farzaneh, Ali Fotowat, Mahmoud Kamarei, mtr
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Over the past decade, tremendous development of Wireless an
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Considerable advancement has been made in design and

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architecture of related RF and microwave circuits. Introduction
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to Wireless Communication Circuits focusses on special circuits c
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dedicated to the RF level of wireless communications. From i
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oscillators to modulation and demodulation, and from mixers to
RF and power amplifier circuits, all are presented in a sequential
manner. A wealth of analytical relations is provided in the text
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alongside various worked out examples. Related problem sets
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are given at the end of each chapter. Basic concepts of RF Analog u
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Circuit Design are developed in the book. a
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Technical topics discussed include: i Nar /2
• Wireless Communication System ikza ÷N VCO
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• RF Oscillators and Phase Locked Loops oe
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• Modulator and Demodulator Circuits rd A ÷M
• RF Mixers ali
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• Automatic Gain Control and Limiters do
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• Microwave Circuits, Transmission Lines and S-Parameters M
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• Matching networks oa
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• Linear Amplifier Design and Power Amplifiers am, M
• Linearization Techniques ma
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This textbook is intended for advanced undergraduate and o
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graduate students, as well as RF Engineers and professionals. lmd

iK Foreword by:
a
Forouhar Farzaneh
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a Behzad Razavi
r Ali Fotowat
e
i
,
Mahmoud Kamarei
Ali Nikoofard
River Publishers Mohammad Elmi River Publishers
River
Introduction to
Wireless Communication Circuits
F. Farzaneh, A. Fotowat, M. Kamarei
A. Nikoofard and M. Elmi
RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS
SeriesEditors
MASSIMOALIOTO KOFIMAKINWA
NationalUniversityofSingapore DelftUniversityofTechnology
Singapore TheNetherlands
DENNISSYLVESTER
UniversityofMichigan
USA
Indexing: AllbookspublishedinthisseriesaresubmittedtoThomsonReutersBook
CitationIndex(BkCI),CrossRefandtoGoogleScholar.
The “River Publishers Series in Circuits & Systems” is a series of comprehensive
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Books published in the series include research monographs, edited volumes,
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andadvancedstudentsinthefieldwithaninvaluableinsightintothelatestresearch
anddevelopments.
Topicscoveredintheseriesinclude,butarebynomeansrestrictedtothefollowing:
• AnalogIntegratedCircuits
• DigitalIntegratedCircuits
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• ProcessorArchitecures
• System-on-Chip
• MemoryDesign
• ElectronicDesignAutomation
Foralistofotherbooksinthisseries,visitwww.riverpublishers.com
Introduction to
Wireless Communication Circuits
ForouharFarzaneh
Professor
SharifUniversityofTechnology,Iran
AliFotowat
AssociateProfessor
SharifUniversityofTechnology,Iran
MahmoudKamarei
Professor
UniversityofTehran,Iran
AliNikoofard
ResearchEngineer
UniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego,USA
MohammadElmi
ResearchEngineer
KavoshComAsiaCo.,Iran
River Publishers
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RiverPublishers
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ISBN:978-87-93609-71-6(Hardback)
978-87-93609-70-9(Ebook)
(cid:13)c2018RiverPublishers
Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedina
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Foreword
As wireless technology takes over every aspect of our lives, the university
curriculamustkeepupwiththedevelopmentsandimpartproperskillstotheir
graduatessoastopreparethemforthisrapidly-evolvingindustry. Inparticular,
the vast body of undergraduate students must be trained in this domain, but
efficiently,ascourseproliferationisundesirableinmostuniversities.
“IntroductiontoWirelessCommunicationCircuits”addressesthisneedby
selectingthemostrelevanttopicsandteachingtheminalanguagethatappeals
toundergraduatestudents. Thetextbookmethodicallyguidesthereaderthrough
theconceptsand,usingnumerousdetailedexamples,reenforcestheseconcepts.
Thereaderistheninvitedtoexercisehis/herunderstandingbysolvingproblems
attheendofeachchapter.
Thecontentsofthebookhavebeenchosencarefullytoallowcoveragein
one semester or quarter. That is, the book can serve as a self-contained text
thatthestudentscanread“covertocover”inonetermwithoutskippingany
majorsections. Thesepedagogicalaspectsofthebookfacilitateitsuseforboth
studentsandinstructors.
BehzadRazavi
Professor
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles
February2018
v

Preface
Thetremendousdevelopmentofthewirelesscommunicationsduringthepast
twenty years has had such a great impact on the human life and the society
that no one can ignore its overwhelming presence in today’s life, let alone
the today’s engineering. Students in Electrical Engineering, nowadays, are
normally exposed to courses in wireless communications, wireless circuits,
and the electromagnetic-wave propagation. The authors have been involved
inteachingandresearchinthefieldofwirelesscircuitsduringthepastthirty
years in the Iranian universities and institutions, namely, Sharif University
ofTechnology, UniversityofTehran,andKavoshComAsiaR&DCompany.
Duringtheseyears,wehavefeltalackofacomprehensivebookwhichwould
covertheneededmaterialforacoursecoverageattheB.Sc. levelofElectrical
Engineering. Furthermore,asengineersataresearchinstitution,weobserved
thenecessityofacomprehensivetextwhichwouldhelptheRFengineersin
theirRFcircuitdesignandimplementation. Asamatteroffact,anumberof
circuitsandideaspresentedinthisbookwereobtainedduringthedevelopment
ofnewRFtransceivercircuits,andwirelesscommunicationsystemsintended
forfleetcontrolingroundtransportationatKavoshComCo.
Wehavetestedorverifiedthemostofthepresentedcircuitsinthisbook
by standard RF simulation tools to be sure of their proper operation. For
materializingthisbook,wehaveusedmostofourcoursematerialsespecially
intendedforthecommunicationcircuitscourse. Ittookusalongthreeyearsof
intensiveworktorealizethisbook. Ourintentionwastomakeitaccessibleto
theElectricalEngineeringcommunityworldwide,asaresultofoureffortsin
thefieldofRFcircuitsandwirelesscommunication.
vii
viii Preface
This book is divided into three parts. In Part I, chapter 1 is dedicated to
thewirelesscommunicationsystemsandthebuildingblocksofamodernradio
transceiver. Chapter2describesthemajoroperationandconfigurationofthe
RFoscillatorswherethemajortopologiesofthemodernelectronicoscillators
are presented as well as the large-signal modeling and evaluation of these
circuits.
Part II of the book is dedicated to the major building circuit blocks of
moderntransceivers. Chapter3presentsPLLs,differentPLLtopologies,FM
modulatorsandFMdemodulators. Chapter4dealswiththeRFmixercircuits
wheredifferenttypesofmixersfromtheswitchingcircuitstoanalogmultipliers
are presented. The major concepts of nonlinearity in RF circuits, namely,
the compression, the intermodulation products, and the intercept point are
introduced in this chapter. Chapter 5 is dedicated to Amplitude and Phase
Modulation. Thischapterbeginswithanalogamplitudemodulationtechniques
and then goes through present-day multilevel amplitude and phase digital
modulations. Chapter6describestheLimitersandtheAutomaticGainControl
circuits. Offsetcompensationcircuitsarepresentedinthischapterfollowed
by different Automatic Gain Control methods. The amplitude detectors and
methodsforincreasingtheGainBandwidthofamplifiersarealsodescribedin
thischapteraswell.
PartIII ofthebookisdedicatedtoTransmissionLines,Microwavecircuit
modeling,andMicrowaveAmplifiersusingScatteringParametersaswellas
thePowerAmplifierdescription. Chapter7describesthefundamentalsofRF
TransmissionLinesandImpedanceMatchingCircuits. Chapter8isintendedto
theintroductionofScatteringParametersasamoderntoolforamplifiercircuit
designinthemicrowaverange. Chapter9presentstheanalysisanddesignof
microwaveamplifiersusingS-parameters. Theproblemofstabilityoftwo-ports
usingS-parametersisstudiedindetail. Thesimultaneousconjugatematching
ofanamplifierusingS-parametersispresentedalongsidethedesignofLow-
NoiseAmplifiersusingnoiseparameters. Thedesignoftwo-stageamplifiers
includingthenoiseandthegainparametersisdescribedatlast. Inchapter10,
thePowerAmplifiersarepresented. Differentclassesofpoweramplifiers,their
modeofoperation,theirefficiencies,andtheirpowercapabilitiesarestudiedin
thischapter. Thelinearizationmethodsforthepoweramplifiersasamodern
toolforthepresent-daytransmittersarepresentedinthischapteraswell.
Wewouldliketothankallthecolleaguesandthestudentsfortheirhelpful
discussionsandencouragementswhichwerenecessaryforthematerialization
ofthisbook.
F.Farzaneh,A.Fotowat,M.Kamarei,A.NikoofardandM.Elmi
Tehran,Iran
December2017
Contents
Foreword........................................ v
Preface ....................................... vii
ListofFig.u.re.s................................... xvii
ListofTab.l.e.s.................................. xxxv
ListofAb.b.re.v.i.a.ti.o.n.s........................... xxxvii
I Part 1
1 TheAmazingWorldofWirelessSystems ......... 3
1.1 IntroductiontoCommunicationCircuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 SignalLevelsandRayleighFading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 CalculationoftheSensitivityinDifferentStandards . . . . . 9
1.4 ConsiderationsinRadioFrequencySystemDesign . . . . 10
1.5 ABasicUnderstandingofFrequencySynthesizers . . . . . 17
1.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.7 ReferencesandFurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.8 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
ix