Table Of ContentINTRODUCTION
TO THE
HISTORY OF THE COLONY
AND
ANCIENT DOMINION
OF
VIRGINIA.
BY CHARLES CAMPBELL
IN ONE VOLUME.
RICHMOND:
MINOR, PUBLISHER.
B. B.
MDCCCXLV1I.
ENTERED, according- to Act of Congress, in the year 1847,
By CHARLES CAMPBELL,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern
District of Virginia.
WM. MACFARI.ANE, PRINTER.
S. L. MESSENGER OFFICE.
HISTORY OF VIRGINIA.
Portuguese, French and Spanish naviga-
CHAPTER I. tors now visited North America, with what
motives, adventures and success, it is not
1492-1591. necessary to relate here. [1583.] Sir Hum-
phrey Gilbert, commissioned by Queen Eliz-
Earlyvoyagesof Discovery; Madoc;TheNorthmen; Co- abeth and assisted by his half-brother, Wal-
lumbus; John Cabot; Sebastian Cabot; SirHumphrey ter Raleigh, fitted out a small fleet and made
Gilbert; Walter Raleigh; Expedition of Amidas and a voyage to Newfoundland, where he landed
Barlow; They land on Wococon Island; Theyreturn and took formal possession of the country.
toEngland; The new country named Virginia; Gren- This intrepid navigator embarking to return
ville's Expedition; Colony of Roanoke; Lane Govern- in the Squirrel, a vessel ofonlyten tons, was
otro;VTihrgeinCioal;onLyeaavbeasndoanesdma;llToCboalcocnoy;aGtreRnovialnloekree;turSnisr lost in a storm. When last seen by the com-
RWaalletiegrh RCahlaeritgehresde;ndsWhoiutteanGootvheerrnEoxrp;edRiotaionnok;eCiftoyunodl spuarnryouonfdtehde bHyinidm,miSnirenHtumpeprhilrse,y,wasaltsheoautgehd
deserted; Virginia Dare,first child born inthe Colony; calmly on deck, with a book in his hand, and
White returns for supplies; The Aimada; Raleigh as- was heard to exclaim, " Be of good cheer,
signsthe Colonyto a Company; White returns to Vir- my friends, it is as near to Heaven by sea as
ginia; Findsthe Colony extinct; Deathof Sir Richard by land."
Grenville. Not daunted bythe fate ofhis heroickins-
man, Raleigh persisted in the design of ef-
The discoveries attributed to Madoc, the fecting a settlement in America, and being
Welsh prince, have afforded a theme for the now high in the Queen's favor, obtained let-
creations of poetry; those of the Northmen ters patent forthat purpose,dated March2.3th,
of Iceland, better authenticated, still engage 1584. Aided by some gentlemen and mer-
the dim researches of antiquarian curiosity. chants, particularly by his gallant kinsmen,
The glory of having made the first certain Sir Richard Grenville, and Mr. William San-
discovery ofthe New World, belongs to Co- derson who had married his niece. Raleigh
lumbus. It was, however, the good fortune succeeded in providing two small vessels.
of the Cabots, to be the first who actually These were put under command ofCaptains
reached the main hind. It was in 1492, that Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow. Barlow
the Genoese navigator fust landed on the had already served with distinction under
shores of St. Salvador. [1497.] Giovanni Raleigh in Ireland. The two vessels left the
Gaboto, in English, John Cabot, a Venetian Thames on the 27thvof April, 1584. Pursu-
merchant, resident at Bristol, with his son, ing the old circuitous route by the Canaries,
Sebastian, a native of that city, having ob- they reachedthe West Indies. Aftera shorl
tained a patent from Henry VII., sailed un- stay there, they sailed North, and early in
der his flag and discovered the main conti- July, astheyapproached thecoast ofFlorida,
nent ofAmerica, amid the inhospitable rigors the mariners were regaled with the odors of
of the wintry North. It was more than a a thousand flowers wafted from the fragrant
year subsequent, thai Columbus, in his third shore. Amidas and Barlow, passing one
voyage, set his foot on the mam land of the hundred and twenty miles farther, landed on
South. [1498.J Sebastian Cabot again cross- the island of Wococon, ' in the stormy re-
ed the Atlantic, and coasted from the 58th
degree ofNorth latitude, along the shores of
the United States, perhaps as far as to the JonesS,eeaignra"phMiecmodresicarlisptoifonNo"IrtihbiCsariosllainnda,,"anbdy o.1fStehaewecilrl-
Southern boundary of Maryland. cumstancesofthelandingthere. Thiswriter,v\hoevinces
—
HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. [Chap. I.
gion of Cape Hatteras, one of a long series of life, Virginia.* Raleigh was shortly af-
of narrow, low, sandy islands, which seem ter returned to parliamentfrom the countyof
like breast-works to defend the main land Devon and about the same period knighted.
from the fury of the ocean. The English The Queen granted him also a patent to li-
took possessionofthecountryinthe Queen's cense the vending of wines throughout the
name. The valleys were wooded with tall kingdom. Such a monopolywas part ofthe
cedars, overrun with vines hung in rich fes- arbitrary system of that day. Nor was Sir
toons, the grapes clustering in profusion on Walter unconscious ofits injustice, for when
the ground and trailing in the sea. Fortwo some years afterwards a spirit of resistance
days no inhabitant was seen ; on the third a to itshoweditselfin the HouseofCommons,
canoe with three men approached. One of and amemberwas warmly inveighing against
them was readily persuaded to come aboard, it, Sir Walter was observed to blush. Yet
when some presents gained his confidence. he voted for the abolition of such monopo-
Goingawayhebegan to fish, andhavingload- lies, and no one could have made a more
ed his canoereturned, and dividing hiscargo munificent use ofsuch emoluments, than he
into two parts, signified that one was for the did in carrying out his grand schemes ofthe
ship, the otherforthe pinnace. On the next discovery and colonization of Virginia.
day they received a visit from some canoes, [1585.] He fitted out a fleet of seven ves-
in which were forty or fifty men, amongst sels for that country, and entrusted the com-
whomwas Granganameo, the King'sbrother. mand of it to his relative, Sir Richard Gren-
The King, Wingina, himself lay at his chief ville. This gallant officer had, like the cele-
town, six miles distant, confined by severe brated Cervantes, shared in the famous battle
wounds received in a recent battle. Here of Lepanto, and after distinguishing himself
the English were hospitably entertained by by his conduct during the Irish rebellion,
the wife of Granganameo. She was small, had become a conspicuous member of par-
prettyand bashful, clothed in a leathern man- liament. Grenville was accompanied by
tle with the fur turned in herlongblackhair Thomas Candish, or Cavendish, afterwards
;
was restrained by a band of white coral renowned asa circumnavigator oftheglobe
;
strings ofpearlhungfrom her ears and reach- ThomasHariot, afriendofRaleighanda pro-
ed to her waist. The disposition of the na- found mathematician, and John With, an ar-
tivesseemedgentle,theirmannerseasy pres- tist, whose pencil supplied materials for the
;
ents and tralfic soon conciliated their good illustration of the works of De Bry and Bev-
will. Thecountry was called Wingandacoa; erley. On the 26th ofJune, thefleetanchor-
the soil was found rich; the air mild and sa- edatWococon, butthenavigation therebeing
lubrious; the forests abounded with a variety found too perilous, they proceeded through
of"sweet-smelling trees" and oaks superior Ocracock inlet to the island of Roanoke,
in size to those ofEngland. Fruits, melons, (at the mouth of Albemarle Sound,) which
nuts and esculent roots were observed the they selected as the seat ofthe Colony. The
;
woods were stocked with game and the wa- colonists one hundred and eight in number
ters with innumerable fish and wild fowl. were landed. Manteo, whohadreturnedwith
Alter having examined as much of the inte- them, had already been sent from Wococon,
rior as their time would permit, Amidas and to announce their arrival to his king, Win-
Barlow sailed homeward, accompanied by gina. Grenville, accompanied byLane, Ha-
two of the natives, Manteo and VVanchese. riot, Cavendish and others, explored the coast
Queen Elizabeth, charmed with the glowing for eighty miles southward, to the town of
descriptions of the new country, which the Secotan, in the present county of Craven,
enthusiastic adventurers gaye her on their
return, named it, in allusion to her own state Stub's History of Virginia, 11. Tytler's Life of Sir
Walter Raleigh: Edit, in Greenbank's Periodical Lib.
Bancroft's History of the United States, 1 cap. 1,2,3.
afinegenius, vindicates Ins native Slate,against what he Beverley's History of Virginia, B. 1, p. 2. Smith's His-
conceived to bethe unjust,and arrogantclaimsofVirginia. toryof Virginia, B. 1,p.79-85. Early History of Rhode
Hisargumentwouldhavelost noneofitsforceby theomis- Island, 179-181.
sion <>i the splenetic and invidious remarks in which he Maz/.ei'saccountof theearly settlement of Virginiain
indulges. There is no real ground ol jealousy between tin1commencement of Ins Recherchessur les Etats-Unis
thesetwoStates. TherecollectionsofSirWalterRaleigh's abounds in errors. Yet this work was written expressly
Colony belongequally to both. forthepurposeofcorrectingtheerrors ofotherwriters.
1585.] HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. 5
North Carolina. During this excursion, the: and habits of the natives. Hariot had accu-
Indians at a village called Aquascogoc, stole rately observed the soil and productions of
a silver cup. A boat being despatched to tin; country, an account of which he after-
reclaim it, the astonished inhabitants fled to \\ard• published.* He, Lane, and someother
the woods, and the English, regardless at of the Colonists had learned from the In-
once ofthedictates ofprudence and human- dians the use of a narcotic plant, called by
ity, burnt the town and destroyed the stand- them Uppowoc, by the Europeans, tobacco.
ing corn. Grenville in a short time re-em- The natives smoked it ; sprinkled the dust of
barked for England with a valuable cargo of it on their fishing weirs, to makethem fortu-
skins and furs, and on his voyage captured a nate; burntit in sacrificesto appease the an-
rich Spanish prize. ger ofthe gods, and scattered itin the airand
Lane now extended his discoveries to the on the water, to allay the fury of the tem-
Northward, asfarasthetownofChesapeakes, pest. Lane carried back some tobacco to
on Elizabeth river, near where Norfolk now England, supposed to be the first ever intro-
stands, and about one hundred and thirty duced into that kingdom.t Sir Walter Ra-
miles from the island of Roanoke. The leigh by his example soon rendered the use
Chowan riverwas also explored, and avoyage of this seductive leaf fashionable at court.
was made up the Roanoke, then known as His tobacco-box and pipes were long pre-
theMoratoc. Lane, althoughagood soldier, served in England by the curiosity of anti-
seems to have wanted some of the qualities quaries. It is related that he made a wager
indispensable in the founder of a new plan- with the Queen, that he could calculate the
tation. The Indians grew morehostile, con- weight ofthe smoke evaporated from a pipe-
spiracies were entered into for ihe destruc- full of tobacco. This he easily won, by first
tion of the whites, and the rash and bloody weighing the tobacco and then the ashes,
measures employed to defeat their machina- when the queen agreed, that the difference
tions, only aggravated the mischief. The must have gone offin smoke. Upon paying
colonists, filledwith alarm, became impatient the guineas, Elizabeth gaily remarked, that
to escape from a scene ofso many privations " she had heard of many workers in the fire,
and so much danger. In this critical junc- that had turned their gold into smoke, but
ture, Sir Francis Drake arrived with a fleet that Sir Walter was the first that had turned
of twenty-three sail. This celebrated navi- his smoke into gold." Anotheranecdoteis,
gator, returning from a long cruise, in part that a country servant of Raleigh's bringing
privateering, in part exploring, anchored near him a tankard of ale and nutmeg into his
Roanoke, to enquire into the welfare of the study, as he was intently reading and smo-
plantation of his friend, Sir Walter Raleigh. king, was so alarmed ;il seeing clouds of
Drake furnished Lane with vessels and sup- smoke issuing from his master's mouth, that
plies amply sufficient to complete the dis- he ran down stairs, crying out that Sir Wal-
covery of the country and to ensure a safe ter was on lire.
return home, should that alternative be found Sir Walter Raleigh never visited Virginia,
necessary. A violent storm raging for four although it has been so represented by sev-
days, dispersed and shattered Drake's lleet eral writers. Had he in person undertaken
and destroyed the vessels that had been as- the plantation ofthe Colony, it would proba-
signed to Lane. The tempest at length sub- bly have been managed with more prudence
siding, Drake generously offered Lane ano- and crowned with better success.
ther ship, with supplies. But the governor, Drake's lleet had hardly lost sight of the
acquiescing in the unanimous desire of the coast before a vessel arrived at Roanoke with
colonists, requested permission for them all supplies for the Colony. Finding it aban-
to embark in the fleet and return to England. doned she sailed forEngland.
The request Wasgranted, and thus ended the Within a fortnight after, Sir Richard Gren-
first actual settlementofthe English in Ame- ville, with three reliefvessels, fitted outprin-
rica.
During the year which the Colony had * "ATrueReportofthe New-foundland of Virginia."
passed at Roanoke. Willi had made drawings Tmohreencaommemo"tnltyheusaeudt.hor is properly Heriot, but II,mot is
from nature illustrative of the appearance t SeoMrs.Thompson's Lifeof Raleigh,inAppendix.
HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. [Chap. I.
cipallybyRaleigh,arrivedoffVirginia. Gren- Elizabeth in her council of war. The con-
ville unwilling that the English should lose juncture was most unpropitious to the inter-
possession ofthe country, left fifteen menon ests of the infant Colony. Raleigh never-
the island of Roanoke with provisions for theless found time even in this portentous
two years. crisis ofpublicaffairs todespatch White with
No disappointment could abate the in- supplies in two vessels. But the company,
domitable resolution ofRaleigh. Duringthe running after prizes, encountered privateers,
ensuing year, 1587, he sent out a new expe- and after a bloody engagement, White'sves-
dition ofthree vessels, to establish aColony, sels were so disabled and plundered as to be
which he chartered by the name of " The obliged to put back to England, whilst it was
Governor and assistants of the city of Ra- impossible to refit, owing to the urgency of
leigh in Virginia.' John White was sent more important matters.
out as Governor with twelve counsellors, and But even after the destruction of the Ar-
they were directed to establish themselves mada, Sir Walter Raleigh found it impracti-
at the town of Chesapeakes, on Elizabeth cable to prosecute any further his favorite de-
River.* Arriving at Roanoke near the end of sign of establishing a Colony in Virginia.
July, White found the Colony deserted, hu- [1589.] He formed a company ofmerchants
man bones scattered on the beach, the fort and adventurers and assigned to it his pro-
rased, and deer couching in the ruinous prietary rights.* In this company were
cabins, or feeding on the vegetation which Thomas Smith a wealthy London merchant,
had overgrown the floor and crept up the afterwards knighted, and Richard Hakluyt,
walls. Dean of Westminster, and the compiler of
Raleigh'sjudiciousorder, instructingWhite a celebrated collection ofvoyages. Raleigh,
to plant the Colony on the banks of Eliza- at the time of making this assignment, gave
beth river, was not carried into effect, owing a hundred pounds for propagating Christian-
to the refusal of Ferdinando, the naval offi- ity among the natives ofVirginia. Afterex-
cer, to assist in exploring the country forthat periencing a long series ofvexations, difficul-
purpose. An English sailor being slain by ties and disappointments, he had expended
the savages, a party was despatched toavenge forty thousand pounds in efforts for planting
his death, and by mistake unfortunately killed a Colony in America. At length disengaged
several of a friendly tribe. Manteo, by Ra- from this enterprise, he indulged his martial
leigh's direction, was christened and created genius, and bent all his energies against the
Lord of Roanukc and Dassamonpeake. On colossal ambition ofSpain, who now aspired
the 18th of August, the governor's daughter, to overshadow the world.
Eleanor, wife to Ananias Dare, one of the More than another year was suffered to
council, gave birth to a daughter, the first elapse, before While returned to search for
christian child born in the country, and hence the long neglected Colony. He had now
named Virginia. Dissensions now arose been absent from it for three years, and felt
among the settlers, and although they were the solicitude not onlyofagovernor,butalso
not in want of stores, some demanded per- of a parent. Upon his departure from Roa-
mission to go home ; others violently op- noke, it had been concerted between him and
posed : at last, however, all joined iii request- the settlers, thai if they should abandon that
ing the governor to sail for England and re- island for another seat, they should carve the
turn with supplies. To this he reluctantly name of the place to which they should re-
consented, and leaving Roanoke on the 27th move, on some conspicuous object, and if
of August, lf)X7, where he left eighty-nine they went away in distress, a cross should be
men, seventeen women and eleven children, carved above the name. Upon his arrival at
he arrived in England on the 5th of Novem- Roano—ke, White found not one of the Colo-
ber. Ile found the kingdom wholly engross- nists: the houses had been dismantled and
ed in taking measures ofdefence against the
threatened invasion of the Spanish Armada. *" Lo Colonel Richard Blanddanssadissertationpicine
Raleigh, Grenville, and Lane, were assisting ilc sens et d'erudilion, sur losdroits des Colonies, impri-
meeen Virginieen 1766,dil que Raleigh renonca a ses
* Stith,23. Tytler's Raleigh,'S3. OUy's R..lci-h, 74. droits et ncparle d' :une exception." Recherchessur
Bancroft's Hist. U. S. 1.,cap..1- les Etats-Unis,(by Mazzei,) v. 1., p. 9.
—
:
HISTORY OF VIRGINIA.
1591.]
a fort erected goods had been buried inthe the military art; Serves in theLow countries; Repairs
eoanrtha apnodstinwpia;trhtidnistihnetertorretd athnedswcoatrtdercedro;a- tcoisSecso;taldavnedn;tuRreetsurinnsFrtaoncWeil;lEomugbhabryks; fSotruIdtiaelsy;aTndhrexoewrn-
tan was carved without, however, a cross into the sea; His escape; Joins the Austrians in the
above it. Twuarrkwsi;thMatdheeTpurriksson;erHiatsRgoatltleannttroyn;;CHoimsbasutffweirtihngstharnede
The weather proving stormy, seven of the escape; Voyages andTravels; Returns toEngland.
company were lostby the capsizingofaboat,
the stock of provisions grew short, and no [1602.] Captain Bartholomew Gosnold,
further search was then made for the unfor- deviating from the oblique route by the Ca-
tunate Colonists. None of them ever was naries and the West Indies, made a direct
found, and whether they perished by famine voyage in a small bark across the Atlantic,
or by the Indian tomahawk, was left asubject and in seven weeks reached Massachusetts
ofmournful conjecture. The site ofthe Col- Bay. It was on this occasion, that English-
ony was unfortunate,beingdifficultofaccess men for the first time landed on the soil of
and near the stormy Cape Hatteras, whose New England. Gosnold returned to Eng-
very name is synonymous with danger and land in a short passage of five weeks. In
shipwreck. Thus after many nobly planned these early voyages, the heroism of the navi-
but unhappily conducted expeditions, and gators is the more admirable, when we advert
enormous expense of life and treasure, the to the extremely small burthen of their ves-
first plantation of Virginia became extinct. sels and the imperfection ofnautical science
[1591.] Sir Richard Grenville fell in a at that day.
bloody action with a Spanish fleet near the [1606.] Measures were taken in England
Azores. Mortally wounded, he wasremoved for planting another Colony, But prelimi-
on board one of the enemy's ships and in nary to a relation of the settlement of Vir-
two days died. In the hour of his death, he ginia proper, it isnecessary to give some his-
said i—n the Spanish language to thosearound tory of Captain John Smith, "the father of
haijmoy:ous"aHnedrequIi,etRimcihnadr,dfoGrretnhvaitlIleh,avdeieenwdietdh theHeColwoansy.b"orn at Willoughby in Lincoln-
my life as a true soldier ought to do, fighting shire, England, in 1579, being descended,on
for his country, queen, religion and honor, his father's side, from an ancient family of
my soul willingly departing from this body, Crudley, in Lancashire, on his mother's, from
leaving behind the lasting fame ofhavingbe- the Rickands at Great Heck, in Yorkshire.*
haved as every valiant soldier is in his duty He was educated at the free schools of Al-
boundto do."* Thisgallant knight was next ford and Louth. At the age of thirteen, his
to his kinsman, Sir Walter Raleigh, the prin- mind being bent upon bold adventures, he
cipal personconcerned in the first settlement sold his satchel, books and all hehad, intend-
of Virginia.! ing to go privately to sea. His father's death
occurringjust then, prevented the execution
ofthatscheme. Havingbeforelosthismother,
he was now left an orphan with a competent
CHAPTER
II. estate, which, however, being too young to
receive, he littleregarded. Atfifteen he was
1591—1604. bound apprentice toThomas ScndallofLinn,
Gosnold's Voyage to New England Early Life and Ad- "the greatest merchant of all those parts."
; But in a little time, disgusted with the mo-
vAetnttuhriersteoenf yCeaaprtsaionfJaoghenunSdmeirtthak;esBotrongoattoWisleal;ouAghtbfyif-; notony of that life, he quit it and accompa-
teen apprenticetoamerchant; Visits France; Studies Tnhieedrea hseonbegofanKutonlleaWrinlltohuegmhiblyitatroy Farrta,nacmei.
afterwardsservedsomeyearsin the Low coun-
Dra*kCea,m1d6e9n.,qTuhoeteddyibnygBwaorrrdoswoifnhGirsenLviifleleofmaSiyrrFecraalnlcitso tries. Thence he embarked for Scotland,
mindthose of Campbell's Lochiel with letters recommending him to the notice
"Andleavingindeathnobloton my name,
Lookproudly toheaven fromadeath-bedoffame." * Smith's Hist, of Va. I., 1-54. "TheTrve Travclls,
Adventures and Observations of Captaine lohn Smith."
tStith's Hist,of Va.,29. Tytler's Raleigh,18. Hillard'sLife of Smith in Sparks' American Biography.
HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. [Chap. II.
of King James VI. After suffering illness montwith five hundred sequins and a box of
and shipwreck, Smith reachedScotland but jewels, his share of the prize. In Italy he
;
finding himself without money or means ne- met with Lord Willoughby and his brother,
cessary to make himselfa courtier, he return- bothrecently wounded in a duel. At Rome
ed to his native place, Willoughby. There, he saw the Pope, and surveyed the wonders
indulging a romantic taste, he built for him- of the imperial city. Embarking at Venice,
self a lodge in a neighboring forest, where he crossed over to the wild regions of Alba-
he studied military history and tactics, and nia and Dalmatia. Visiting next Gratz, in
amused his leisure with hunting and horse- Styria, he met there the archdukeFerdinand,
manship. In this retreat he was visited by andjoining a German regiment, engaged in
an Italian gentleman in the service of the thewarwiththeTurks. AtthesiegeofOlym-
Earl of Lincoln, who persuaded him to re- pack and of Stowle Wessenburg, in 1601,
turn into the world, and he now repaired Smith distinguished himself as a volunteer
once more to the Low countries. Having in the artillery service. For his good con-
made himself master of horsemanship and duct he was put in command of two hun-
the use ofarms, Smith resolved to try his for- dred and fifty horse under Count Meldritch.
tune against the Turks. Proceeding to St. In the Battle of Girke he had a horse killed
Valery, in France, his trunks were plundered underhim, and was badly wounded. At the
by some French gallants, and he was forced siege of Regal he encountered and slew in
to sell his cloak to pay his passage. Wan- a tournament three several Turkish champi-
dering in France he experienced extraordi- ons, Turbashaw, Grualgo, and Bonny Mul-
nary vicissitudes of fortune. Walking one gro. For these exploits he was honored
day in a forest, worn out with distress and with a triumphal procession, in which the
fatigue, he fell prostrate on the ground by the three Turks' heads were borne on lances.
side of a fountain, scarcely hoping ever to A horse richly caparisoned was presented to
rise again. Found in this condition by a him with acimeter and belt worth three hun-
humane farmer, his necessities were relieved dred ducats, and he was promoted to the
and he was enabled to pursue his journey. rank of Major. In the bloody battle ofRot-
At another time he met in agroveone ofthe tenton he was wounded and made prisoner.
Frenchmen who had robbed him. Without With such of the prisoners as escaped mas-
a word on eitherside they drew their swords sacre, he was sold into slavery at Axiopolis
and fought. The Frenchman soon fell, but andfell into the hands ofthe Bashaw Bogall,
confessing his guilt, Smith, though hurt in who sent him by way of Adrianople to Con-
the rencontre, spared his life. stantinople, a present to his youthful mis-
Aided by the liberality of a former ac- tress, Charatza Tragabigzanda. Captivated
quaintance, "the Earl of Ployer," he wentto with her prisoner, she treated him tenderly,
Marseilles and embarked in a vessel crowded and to prevent his being sold again, senthim
with pilgrims bound for Rome. On the voy- to remain for a time with her brother, the
age, the weather proving stormy, the pil- Tymour Bashaw ofNalbritz, in Tartary. He
grims, withbitterimprecationsagainstQueen occupied a stone castle near the sea ofAzof.
Elizabeth and Smith, cast him as a heretic Immediately on Smith's arrival his head was
into the sea, in order to propitiate Heaven. shaved, an iron collar rivetted on his neck,
He saved himself by swimmingto the islet of and he was clothed inhair-cloth. Here long
St. Mary, (opposite Nice, in Savoy,) which he suffered cruel bondage. At length one
he found inhabited only by a few cattle and day while threshing in a barn, the Bashaw
goals. On the next day he was taken upby having cruelly beaten and reviled him, he
a French ship, the Captain of which proving turned and slew him on the spot with the
to be a friend of " the Earl of Ployer," en- threshing bat, then put on his clothes, hid
tertained him kindly. With him Smith vis- his body in thestraw,filled a sack with corn,
ited Alexandria in Egypt, Scanderoon, the closed thedoors,mounted the Bashaw'shorse
Archipelago, and coast of Greece. During .mil rode oil'. After wanderingforsomedays
the cruise, a Venetian argosy was captured he fell in with a highway, and observing that
alter a desperate action, in which Smith dis- the roads leading towards Russia were indi-
played signal courage. He landed in Pied- cated by a cross, he followed that sign, and
HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. 9
1604-7.]
in sixteen days reached Ecopolis, a Russian ipril 10th, 1606, letters patent, were is-
frontierpostonthe Don. Thegovernorthere sued authorizing the establishment of two
took off his irons, and lie was kindly treated Colonies in Virginiaand other parts ofAmer-
by him and the lady Callamata. Passing ica. All the country from 34 to 45 degrees
through Russia and Poland, he returned to of North latitude, then known as Virginia,
Transylvania, in December, 1G03. Here he was divided into two colonies, the first, or
met many friends and enjoyed so much hap- Southern, and the second, orNorthern. The
piness, that nothing less than his desire to Southern colony was appropriated to Lon-
revisit his native country could have torn him don, and the plantation of it was entrusted
away. Proceedingthrough Hungary, Mora- toSirThomas Gates and Sir George Somcrs,
via and Bohemia, he went to Leipsic, where knights, Richard Hackluyt clerk, prebendary
he found Prince Sigismund, who gave him of Westminster, Edward Maria Wingfield
fifteen hundred golden ducats to repair his and gome others. It was provided that the
losses. TravellingthroughGermany, France Colony should have a council of its own,
and Spain, from Gibraltar he sailed for Tan- subject to a superior council in England.
gier, in Africa, and to the city of Morocco. The inferior council was authorized tosearch
Taking passage in a French man-of-war, he for and dig mines, coin money, carry over
was present in a terrible sea-fight with two adventurers and repel intruders. Revenue
Spanish ships, and after touching at Santa duties were imposed, the colonists invested
Cruz, Cape Goa and Mogadore, he finally with the privileges of English subjects, and
returned to England about the year 1604. the lands granted to settlers in free andcom-
mon soccage. * On the 20th of November,
1606, instructions were given by the Crown
CHAPTER for the government of the two Colonies, di-
III. rectingthat the council in Englandshouldbe
appointed by the Crowd, thelocalcouncilby
1604—1607.
the superiorone inEngland, the localcouncil
Gosnold, Smithandotherssetonfootanotherexpedition to choose a President annually from its own
;
JamesI.issues Letters patent; Instructions forgovern- body, the Christian religion to be preached,
mentof the Colony; Charter granted to London Com- lands to descend as in England, the trial by
pany for First Colonyof Virginia; Sir Thomas Smith jury securedin criminal causes, andthecoun-
Treasurer; Governmentof the Colony; Three vessels cil empowered to determine all civil actions,
under Newport sail for Virginia; The voyage; Enter all produce and goods imported to be stored
Chesapeake Bay; Ascend the James river; The Eng- in magazines, a clerk and treasurer, or Cape
lishentertainedbytheChiefofthe Quiyoughcohanocks; Merchant to be appointed for the colony.
LandingatJamestown; VVhigfieldPresident; Smithex- The stockholders, styled adventurers, were
cluded fromthe council.
authorized to organize a company for the
Bartholomew Gosnold was the prime mo- management, of the business of the colony,
ver, and CaptainJohn Smiththechiefactorin and to superintend the proceedings of the
the settlement of Virginia. Gosnold, * who local council. The Colonists were enjoined
had already made avoyage to New England, to treat the natives with kindness, and to
in 1602, for many years fruitlessly labored to endeavor by till means to convert them to
set on foot an expedition for that purpose. Christianity. t March 9th, 1607, the gen-
At length he was reinforced in his efforts by eral conned was enlarged and further in-
Captain Smith, Edward Maria Wingfield, a structions given for its government. May
merchant, Robert Hunt, a clergyman, and 23rd, a charter was granted to the treasurer
other-, and by their united exertions, certain and company of adventurers for the city
of the nobility, gentry and merchants be- of London for the first Colonj of Virginia.
came interested in the project, and King To thi^ companj was granted all the land in
James the first, who, in 1603, hadsucceeded that part of America called Virginia, from
Elizabeth, was induced to lend it his coun- Point Comfort along from the sea-coasl to
tenance, t orthward two hundred miles, and to
* Stith,30. * llening's Statutes al Large, Vol. I, p.-r'T.
t Smith, Vol. I,p. 149. j 1 Hi i. . 67. Stith 30, andAppendix 2.
10 HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. [Chap. III.
the Southward two hundred miles up into the interposition ofthe clergyman, Mr. Hunt.
the land from sea to sea West and North- The winds at length proving favorable, the
west. The council in England was authori- little fleet proceeded along the old route, by
zed to establish forms of government for the the Canaries, to the West Indies, and after
Colony, and the governorwasempowered, in passing three weeks there, sailed in quest of
case of rebellion, or mutiny, to enforce mar- the island of Roanoke. Having exceeded
tial law, and the oath of supremacy was re- their reckoning three days, without finding
quired to be taken by the Colonists. For land, the crew grew impatient, andRatclitfe,
the rest, the provisions of the letters patent captain of the pinnace, proposed to steer
granted to Sir Thomas Gates were generally back for England. At this conjuncture, a
re-enacted. * Sir Thomas Smith was ap- violent storm providentially drove them into
pointed Treasurer of the company in Eng- the mouth of Chesapeake bay. The first
land, and the chief management of their af- land they came in sight of, April 26, 1607,
fairs was entrusted to him. He was anemi- they called Cape Henry, in honor of the
nent London merchant, had been chief of prince of Wales, eldest son of king James.*
Sir Walter Raleigh's assignees, was about A party of thirty landing, found "flowers of
this time governor of the East India Com- divers kinds and colors and goodly trees."
pany, and had been ambassador to Russia, t While recreating themselves on the shore,
The frame of government provided for the they were assaulted by five of the savages,
new Colony was cumbrous and complicated. who came " creepingupon all fours from the
Thelegislativeandadministrativepowerswere hills, like bears,'' and wounded two, but re-
so distributed between the local council, the tired at the discharge of muskets,t
Crown and the company, as to involve de- That night the sealed box was opened,
lay, uncertainty, conflict and irresponsibility. when it appeared that the members ofcoun-
The Colonists, by the words of the charter, cil appointed, were Bartholomew Gosnold,
were invested with the rights of English- John Smith, EdwardMaria Wingfield, Chris-
men yet as far as political rights were con- topher Newport, John Ratcliffe, John Martin
;
cerned, there being no security provided by and George Kendall. They were instructed
which they could be vindicated, they might to elect out oftheir own number a president
often prove to be of no more real value than for one year. He and the council together
the parchment on which they were written. were invested with the government. Affairs
Yet the government ofan infant colony must of moment were to be examined by ajury,
of necessity be for the most part arbitrary. but determined by the council.
The political rights of the colonists must for Seventeen days were spent in quest of a
A
a time lie in abeyance. The civil rights of place forthe settlement. point, at the en-
the Virginia colonists were protected by the trance of the Chesapeake bay, they named
trial by .jury, and lands were held by a free Point Comfort, because they found a good
tenure. harbor there, which, after the late storm,
After long delay three vessels were equip- " put them in good comfort." Landingthere
ped for the expedition, one of twenty tons, April 30th, they saw live Indians, who were
one offorty,the thirdofone hundred. They at first alarmed, hut seeing Captain Newport
were commanded by Captain Christopher lay his hand upon his heart, they came bold-
Newport, a navigatorexperienced in voyages ly up and invited the strangers to [Cecough-
to the New world. Orders were putonboard, tan (Hampton) their town. There the Eng-
enclosed in a sealed box, not to be opened lishwere entertained withcorn-bread,tobacco
until their arrival in Virginia. They sel sad and pipes and a dance. May 4th, they were
on the 19th of December, 1606, from Black- kindly received by the Paspaheghs. The
wall. For six weeks head-winds detained
them in the Downs, within view of the Eng- * Smith, vol. 1, p. 151. Capo Charles was called after
lish coast. During this interval, disorder the King's second son, then Duke of York, afterwards
threatening a mutiny, prevailed among the Charles I.
adventurers. However it was suppressed by Pertcy\,anbartotih\err(ionftthPeurEcahrals'ofPiNlogrrtihmus,mbpe.rl16a8n5d.)abnydGoenoergoef
thefirst expedition. SeeHillard'sLifeofSmith,in Sparks'
* Stit.h, Appendix 8. I lieu., ?<i. Amer. Biog.211 and211, in note. Hillard inthemam fol-
f Stith, 12. lows Stilh.
