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(cid:2) Introduction to Porous Materials (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Inorganic Chemistry AWileySeriesofAdvancedTextbooks ISSN:1939-5175 EditorialBoard DavidAtwood,UniversityofKentucky,USA BobCrabtree,YaleUniversity,USA GerdMeyer,IowaStateUniversity,USA DerekWoollins,UniversityofSt.Andrews,UK PreviouslyPublishedBooksinthisSeries MetalsinMedicine,2ndedition JamesC.Dabrowiak;ISBN978-1-119-19130-8 TheOrganometallicChemistryofN-heterocyclicCarbenes HanVinhHuynh;ISBN:978-1-118-59377-6 Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life, An Introduction and Guide, 2ndEdition WolfgangKaim,BrigitteSchwederski,AxelKlein;ISBN:978-0-470-97523-7 StructuralMethodsinMolecularInorganicChemistry DavidRankin,NorbertMitzelandCaroleMorrison;ISBN:978-0-470-97278-6 IntroductiontoCoordinationChemistry (cid:2) GeoffreyAlanLawrance;ISBN:978-0-470-51931-8 (cid:2) ChiralityinTransitionMetalChemistry HaniAmouri&MichelGruselle;ISBN:978-0-470-06054-4 BioinorganicVanadiumChemistry DieterRehder;ISBN:978-0-470-06516-7 InorganicStructuralChemistry2ndEdition UlrichMuller;ISBN:978-0-470-01865-1 LanthanideandActinideChemistry SimonCotton;ISBN:978-0-470-01006-8 MassSpectrometryofInorganicandOrganometallicCompounds:Tools-Techniques-Tips WilliamHenderson&J.ScottMcIndoe;ISBN:978-0-470-85016-9 MainGroupChemistry,SecondEdition A.G.Massey;ISBN:978-0-471-19039-5 SynthesisofOrganometallicCompounds:APracticalGuide SanshiroKomiya;ISBN:978-0-471-97195-5 ChemicalBonds:ADialog JeremyBurdett;ISBN:978-0-471-97130-6 TheMolecularChemistryoftheTransitionElements:AnIntroductoryCourse FrancoisMathey&AlainSevin;ISBN:978-0-471-95687-7 StereochemistryofCoordinationCompounds AlexandervonZelewsky;ISBN:978-0-471-95599-3 Formoreinformationonthisseriessee:www.wiley.com/go/inorganic (cid:2) (cid:2) Introduction to Porous Materials Pascal Van Der Voort Ghent University Ghent, Belgium Karen Leus Ghent University (cid:2) Ghent, Belgium (cid:2) Els De Canck Recticel NV Insulation Belgium (cid:2) (cid:2) Thiseditionfirstpublished2019 ©2019JohnWiley&SonsLtd Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformor byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowto obtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofPascalVanDerVoort,KarenLeusandElsDeCancktobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthisworkhasbeenasserted inaccordancewithlaw. RegisteredOffices JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK EditorialOffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWileyproductsvisitusat www.wiley.com. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Somecontentthatappearsin standardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Voort,P.vander(Pascal),author.|Leus,Karen,author.|Canck, Elsde,author. Title:IntroductiontoPorousMaterials/PascalVanDerVoort(Ghent University,Ghent,Belgium),KarenLeus(GhentUniversity,Ghent, Belgium),ElsDeCanck(RecticelNVInsulation,Belgium). Othertitles:Porousmaterials Description:Firstedition.|Hoboken,NJ:Wiley,[2019]|Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex.| Identifiers:LCCN2019008194(print)|LCCN2019009891(ebook)|ISBN 9781119426585(AdobePDF)|ISBN9781119426707(ePub)|ISBN9781119426608 (hardcover) Subjects:LCSH:Porousmaterials.|Mesoporousmaterials.|Silicates. Classification:LCCTA418.9.P6(ebook)|LCCTA418.9.P6V662019(print)| DDC620.1/16–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019008194 CoverDesign:Wiley CoverImages:CourtesyofPascalVanDerVoort Setin10/12ptTimesLTStdbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi AbouttheAuthors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii 1 Nature’sPorousMaterials:FromBeautifultoPractical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 LivingPorosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Butterflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 Algae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.3 Bamboo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2 ClayMinerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2.1 NaturalClays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2.2 PillaredInterlayeredClays–PILCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 TheoryofAdsorptionandCatalysis:SurfaceAreaandPorosity . . . . . . . . . . 15 (cid:2) 2.1 DeterminationofSurfaceAreaandPorositybyGasSorption. . . . . . . . . . 15 (cid:2) 2.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1.2 ChemisorptionandPhysisorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1.3 ReversibleMonolayerAdsorption–TheLangmuirIsotherm . . . . . . 16 2.2 TheBET(Brunauer,Emmet,Teller)Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.1 TheBETEquation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.2 MultipointBETAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3 CapillaryCondensationandPoreSize,theTypeIVIsotherm . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3.1 TheKelvinandtheHalseyEquation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3.2 Barrett,Joyner,Halenda(BJH)PoreSizeDistributions . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.3 TypesofAdsorptionIsotherms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.3.4 AdsorptionHysteresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3.5 EvaluationofMicropores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.4 LiquidPhaseAdsorption–LangmuirandFreundlichIsotherms . . . . . . . . 37 2.4.1 AdsorptionKinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.4.2 AdsorptionIsotherms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.5 HeterogeneousCatalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.5.2 TypesofCatalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.5.3 TowardGreenandSustainableIndustrialChemistry . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.5.4 KineticsinaHeterogeneousCatalyticReaction . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.5.5 DiffusionPhenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.A Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 AnswerstotheProblems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 (cid:2) (cid:2) vi Contents 3 ZeolitesandZeotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.1 CrystallographicDirectionsandPlanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.1.1 CrystallographicDirections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.1.2 CrystallographicPlanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.2 X-RayDiffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.3 ZeoliteStructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.4 ApplicationsofZeolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.4.1 Ion-Exchange,WaterSoftening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.4.2 Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.4.3 GasSorptionandPurification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3.5 Solid-StateNMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 3.5.1 IntroductiontotheTechniqueNMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 3.5.2 NuclearMagneticResonance:TheBasics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 3.5.3 Solid-StateNMR:TheChallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 3.5.4 TheApplicationofSolid-StateNMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4 Silica,ASimpleOxide–ACaseStudyforFT–IRSpectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.1 DifferentMethodstoSynthesizeSilica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.1.1 SilicaGelsandSols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.1.2 PyrogenicSilicas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 4.1.3 PrecipitatedSilicas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4.2 TheSurfaceofSilica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4.3 FourierTransformInfraredSpectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 (cid:2) (cid:2) 4.3.1 PrinciplesofInfraredSpectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 4.3.2 PrinciplesofFT–IR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 4.3.3 DRIFTS–DiffuseReflectanceInfraredFourierTransformSpectroscopy 138 4.3.4 AttenuatedTotalReflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 5 OrderedMesoporousSilica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 5.1 MCM-41andMCM-48–RevolutionbytheMobilOilCompany . . . . . . . . 145 5.1.1 TheOriginalPapersandPatents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 5.1.2 CalculatingtheWallThickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 5.1.3 InteractionBetweenSurfactantandInorganicPrecursor . . . . . . . . 151 5.1.4 TheSurfactantPackingParameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 5.1.5 HexagonalMesoporousSilica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 5.1.6 StableOrderedMesoporousSilica–SBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 5.1.7 PluggedHexagonalTemplatedSilica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 5.1.8 TheNewMCM-48:KIT-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 5.1.9 FurtherDevelopmentsofMesoporousSilica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 5.1.10 PoreSizeEngineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 5.1.11 MakingThinFilms–TheEISAPrinciple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 5.2 ApplicationsofMesoporousSilica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 5.2.1 InHeterogeneousCatalysis–FunctionalizationofMesoporousSilica . 168 5.2.2 InAdsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 5.2.3 AsaDrugCarrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 5.2.4 Low-kDielectrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents vii 6 Carbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 6.1 ActivatedCarbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 6.2 GeneralIntroductiontoMesoporousCarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 6.2.1 SynthesisofHard-TemplatedMesoporousCarbons . . . . . . . . . . 198 6.2.2 SynthesisofSoft-TemplatedMesoporousCarbons . . . . . . . . . . . 204 6.2.3 InfluenceofSynthesisConditionsontheSoft-TemplatedMethod . . . 207 6.2.4 TransformationofPolymerintoCarbon,theCarbonizationTemperature 215 6.2.5 (Hydro)ThermalandMechanicalStability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 6.3 SurfaceModificationofMesoporousPolymersandCarbons . . . . . . . . . . 217 6.3.1 Pre-ModificationofPolymers/Carbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 6.3.2 Post-ModificationofPolymers/Carbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 6.4 Nanocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 6.4.1 Fullerenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 6.4.2 CarbonNanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 6.5 ApplicationofPorousCarbon-BasedMaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 6.5.1 TheAdsorptionofPollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 6.5.2 AsCatalyticSupportorDirectHeterogeneousCatalyst . . . . . . . . 231 6.5.3 ElectrochemicalApplications:EnergyStorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 AnswerstotheProblems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 7 TheEraoftheHybrids–Part1:PeriodicMesoporousOrganosilicasorPMOS . . 249 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 (cid:2) (cid:2) 7.2 SynthesisofPMOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 7.2.1 GeneralAspectsofPMOSynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 7.2.2 PMOswithAliphaticBridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 7.2.3 PMOswithOlefinicandAromaticBridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 7.2.4 PMOswithMulti-OrganicBridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 7.3 GeneralPropertiesofPMOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 7.3.1 PoreSizeEngineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 7.3.2 (Hydro)thermalandChemicalStability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 7.3.3 MetamorphosisinPMOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 7.4 Post-ModificationofPMOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 7.4.1 Post-FunctionalizationoftheUnsaturatedBridges . . . . . . . . . . . 271 7.4.2 Post-ModificationoftheAromaticRing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 7.5 ApplicationsofPMOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 7.5.1 AsHeterogeneousCatalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 7.5.2 AsAdsorbentsofMetals,OrganicCompounds,andGases . . . . . . . 290 7.5.3 AsSolidChromatographicPackingMaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 7.5.4 AsLow-kFilms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 7.5.5 AsBiomedicalSupports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 AnswerstotheProblems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 8 EraoftheHybrids–Part2:Metal–OrganicFrameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 8.2 IsoreticularSynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii Contents 8.3 Well-KnownMOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 8.3.1 Cu-BTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 8.3.2 MIL-53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 8.3.3 MIL-101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 8.3.4 UiO-66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 8.3.5 NU-1000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 8.3.6 ZIF-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 8.4 StabilityofMOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 8.5 PreparationofMOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 8.5.1 Hydro-andSolvothermalSynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 8.5.2 Microwave-AssistedSynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 8.5.3 ElectrochemicalSynthesisRoute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 8.5.4 High-ThroughputAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 8.6 FunctionalitiesinMOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 8.6.1 ActiveSitesinMOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 8.6.2 MultifunctionalMOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 8.7 ApplicationsofMOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 8.7.1 MOFsinGasStorageandGasSeparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 8.7.2 MOFsinCatalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 8.7.3 LuminescentMOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 8.8 IndustrialApplicationsofMOFs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 8.9 TransmissionElectronMicroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 8.9.1 ElectronDiffractionandBrightFieldImaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 8.9.2 High-ResolutionTransmissionElectronMicroscopy . . . . . . . . . . 368 (cid:2) 8.9.3 ScanningTransmissionElectronMicroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 (cid:2) 8.9.4 EnergyDispersiveX-RaySpectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 8.9.5 ElectronEnergyLossSpectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 8.9.6 ElectronTomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 AnswerstotheProblems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 9 BeyondtheHybrids–CovalentOrganicFrameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 9.1 ClassificationandNatureofCOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 9.2 DesignofCOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 9.3 Boron-BasedCOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 9.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 9.3.2 OtherSyntheticRoutestoObtainBoron-BasedCOFs . . . . . . . . . 389 9.3.3 MethodstoIncreasetheStabilityofBoron-BasedCOFs . . . . . . . . 391 9.3.4 ApplicationsofBoron-ContainingCOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 9.4 CovalentTriazineFrameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 9.4.1 IonothermalSynthesisofCovalentTriazineFrameworks . . . . . . . . 395 9.4.2 AcidAssistedSynthesisRoute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 9.4.3 MechanochemicalSynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 9.4.4 ApplicationsofCTFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 9.5 ImineCOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 9.5.1 SolvothermalSynthesis:COF-300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 9.5.2 RoomTemperatureSynthesisofImineCOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 9.5.3 LiquidAssistedGrinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 9.5.4 ApplicationsofImineCOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents ix Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 AnswerstotheProblems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2)

Introduction to Porous Materials PDF

442 Pages·2019·22.506 MB·English

by Pascal Van Der Voort, Karen Leus, Els de Canck

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Author:	Pascal Van Der Voort; Karen Leus; Els de Canck
Publication Year:	2019
ISBN:	9781119426608
Pages:	442
Language:	English
File Size:	22.506
Format:	PDF
Price:	FREE

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