Introduction to Physical Anthropology

583 Pages·2013·91.61 MB·English

by  Robert Jurmain

Major Fossil Hominin Sites
150°W 120°W 90°W 60°W 30°W 0°
GREENLAND
75°N (KALAALLIT NUNAAT)
(DEN.)
Arctic
ALASKA
(U.S.)
ICELAND
60°N
CANADA
IRELAND U. K.
Swanscombe
Boxgrove
St. Césaire
La Chapelle
45°N Cro Magnon
Atapuerca
UNITED STATES PORTUGAL SPAIN
AZORE ISLANDS
(PORT.) Salé
MOROCCO
Rabat
30°N
CANARY ISLANDS
(SP.)
Tropic of Cancer MEXICO BAHAMAS WSEASHTAERRAN
ATLANTIC
CUBA DOMINICAN REP.
15°N H(AUW.SA.)II GUAETLE SMAALLVAADORBELIZEJHANOMICNAADIRCUAARGAUSAHAAITNNITEITLHLREEIPRSCUL O(EAN R(NEUTDT.OSHS..))ANGMBDTUAIOAGARMRUDBTIAEANIN LDI&OCIOQ AUBSUAPERE (B(FFUrr.D.))A CA IPSEL AVNEGDRASDSMEEBNIEAGALMAURITANIA BUMRKAILNIA
PANAMA TGRRINENIDAADDA & TOBAGO OCEAN GUINEA BISSAU GUINEA GHANA
PACIFIC COSTA RICA VENEZUELA GUYANA SIERRA LEONE CIVOOARSYT
SURINAME LIBERIA
COLOMBIA FRENCH GUIANA (FR.)
Equator
0°
ECUADOR
GALAPAGOS IS.
(ECUADOR)
OCEAN
BRAZIL
WESTERN PERU
SAMOA
AMERICAN SAMOA
15°S
SOCIET(YFR IS.)LANDS FRENCH POLYNESIA (FR.) BOLIVIA
TONGA TAHITI
(FR.) Tropic of Capricorn
PARAGUAY
PITCAIRN CHILE
ISLANDS (U.K.) EASTER ISLAND
30°S (CHILE)
ARGENTINA
URUGUAY
45°S
FALKLAND ISLANDS (U.K.)
0 1000 miles
SOUTH GEORGIA ISLAND
0 1000 kilometers
60°S
Antarctic Circle
75°S
150°W 120°W 90°W 60°W 30°W 0°
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
30°E 60°E 90°E 120°E 150°E
ARCTIC OCEAN
75°N
Circle
NORWAY
SWEDEN FINLAND RUSSIA
60°N
ESTONIA Sungir
DENMARK Neander LATVIA
NETSHp.y Valley LITHBUEALNAIARUS
GERMAHNYeidePOlbLAeNrDg (Mauer) Okladnikov Cave/Denisova Cave
BFRELAGSNW.CLIETUZX.K.raAUpCSZiTEn1RCaHIA2HUSMNLOGlVAaARdKYIeARˇcOM, APNOIArˇaMesdOUeLmKDROoAVsIANtEí, DoRlUnSíS VIAeˇstonice KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA 45°N
CAerpargaIonTAoLY 3 465 PBeUtLrGaAlRoInAa GEOARRGMIEANIDAmAZaEnRBisAIiJAN UZBEKISTTeAsNhik KTYaRsGYhZSTAN ZhoukoudianJinniushan NORTH KOREA
GREECE TURKEY TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN Ordos
TigThUeNnISiIfA Skhul/ALTECIamBSYARbPNAuRuOEUdLNnS SJQYeRabIfAzeelI hRAQ ShanidIRaArN AFGHANISTAN CHINA Lantian Dali SOUTH KOREA JAPAN
ALGERIA JORDAN PAKISTAN NEPAL BHUTAN Hexian 30°N
LIBYA EGYPT SKAUUWDIA AITRABIAQUA.T AA.R E. INDIA MYANMARLiujiang MabaHONG KONTGAIWAN PACIFIC Tropic of Cancer
Toros-Menalla OMAN BANGLADESH(BURMA) LAOS MACAU NORTHERN
NIGER MARIANA
BENINNIGERIA CHAD SUDAN BHoadEdoRaITrREAMDYiJdESIBMdOOMElUeNTA ILAIAwash (AHrearmtois, ,D Bikoiukrai), SRI LANKA THAILANKDAMPUVCIHETENAAM PHILIPPINES ISLANDS OCEAMRAERNPSUHBALLILC IOSFL ATN1HDE5S°N
CENTRAL AFRICAN ETHIOPIA
EGTQOUUGINAOETA. CAMEROON REPUBLRICWANDA UGANDA KOEamansaotp aonid West Turkana MALDIVES MALAYSBIRUANEINiah Cave FEODFE RMAICTERDO NSETSAITAES Equator
Tugen Hills KENYA SINGAPORE BORNEO 0°
SAO TOME GABON DEMOCRATIC Olduvai/Laetoli
& PCR(AAINnBgCINoIPDlaEA) CONGAONGOLOAFR TEHPEU CBOLNICGO BTUARNUZNADNIIA COMOROS ISLSAENYDCSHELLES INDIAN SangiranTriniNlgaFnldoorensgINDONESIA PNAEPWU AGUINEA SOLOMON ISLANDS TUVALU
ZAMBIA 15°S
Kabwe
VANUATU
NAMIBIA BOTSWAZNIMABABWEMOZAMMBIAQLUAEWI MADAGASCAMRAURITIUS OCEAN NEW CALEDONIA FIJI
WALVIS BAY Sterkfontein/Swartkrans/Drimolen/Malapa AUSTRALIA Tropic of Capricorn
(dSettaetrums itnoe db)e FTlaournisgbad BoSrWdAeZrI LCANaDve 30°S
SAOFRUITCHA LESOTHO Lake Mungo
Klasies River Mouth
Kow Swamp
1. SLOVENIA
2. CROATIA NEW ZEALAND
3. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
45°S
4. ALBANIA
5. MACEDONIA
6. SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
60°S
75°S
30°E 60°E 90°E 120°E 150°E
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
IntroductIon to
Physical
Anthropology
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
About the Cover ImAge
Our closest evolutionary cousins, the nonhuman
primates are among the most endangered animals
on earth. The book cover shows four of the most
endangered species, all of which are close to extinction
due to destructive human practices.
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
2013–2014 Edition
IntroductIon to
Physical
Anthropology
robert Jurmain
Professor Emeritus, San Jose State University
Lynn Kilgore
University of Colorado, Boulder
Wenda trevathan
Professor Emerita, New Mexico State University
russell L. ciochon
University of Iowa
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore
Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that
any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if
subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats,
please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest.
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Introduction to Physical Anthropology, © 2014, 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
2013–2014 Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright 
Robert Jurmain, Lynn Kilgore, Wenda Trevathan, herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by 
Russell L. Ciochon any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited 
to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribu-
Publisher: Yolanda Cossio
tion, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, 
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Aileen Berg except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States 
Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Senior Developmental Editor: Lin Gaylord
Consulting Editor: Tom Finn
For product information and technology  
Assistant Editor: Mallory Ortberg assistance, contact us at 
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support,
Editorial Assistant: Margaux Cameron
1-800-354-9706.
Media Editor: John Chell
For permission to use material from this text or product,  
Senior Brand Manager: Liz Rhoden submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to 
Senior Market Development Manager: Michelle Williams
[email protected].
Senior Content Project Manager: Cheri Palmer
Senior Art Director: Caryl Gorska
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012954024
Manufacturing Planner: Judy Inouye
Student Edition:  
Senior Rights Acquisitions Specialist: Dean Dauphinais ISBN-13: 978-1-285-06197-9 
ISBN-10: 1-285-06197-7
Production Service, Composition, and Illustration:  
Patti Zeman, Randy Miyake, Hespenheide Design;  Loose-Leaf Edition: 
Robert Greisen ISBN-13: 978-1-285-06203-7 
ISBN-10: 1-285-06203-5
Photo Researcher: Patti Zeman, Hespenheide Design
Wadsworth
Text Researcher: Karyn Morrison
20 Davis Drive 
Copy Editor: Heidi Thaens Belmont, CA 94002-3098 
USA
Cover and Text Designer:  Gary Hespenheide,  
Hespenheide Design Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions 
with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United 
Cover Images: Deforestation in Madagascar: © Russell A.  Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at 
Mittermeier / Conservation International Foundation,  www.cengage.com/global.
Inc.; Tonkin snub-nosed monkey: Quyet Khac Le; Silky 
sifaka lemur: © Kevin Schafer / Corbis; Sahafary sportive  Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson 
lemur: © Edward E. Louis, Jr. / Conservation International  Education, Ltd.
Foundation, Inc.; Cotton-top tamarin: © Russell A. 
To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/Wadsworth.
Mittermeier / Conservation International Foundation, Inc.
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our 
 preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 16 15 14 13
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Brief contents
chAPter 1 Introduction to Physical Anthropology 3
heredity and evolution
chAPter 2 The Development of Evolutionary Theory 25
chAPter 3 The Biological Basis of Life 49
chAPter 4 Heredity and Evolution 77
chAPter 5 Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution 107
Primates
chAPter 6 Survey of the Living Primates 135
chAPter 7 Primate Behavior 175
chAPter 8 Overview of the Fossil Primates 217
hominin evolution
chAPter 9 Paleoanthropology: Reconstructing Early Hominin Behavior and Ecology 255
chAPter 10 Hominin Origins in Africa 277
chAPter 11 The First Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries 307
chAPter 12 Premodern Humans 331
chAPter 13 The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans 363
contemporary human evolution
chAPter 14 Modern Human Biology: Patterns of Variation 389
chAPter 15 Modern Human Biology: Patterns of Adaptation 413
chAPter 16 Legacies of Human Evolutionary History and the Human Life Course 441
chAPter 17 The Human Disconnection 469
Appendix A: Atlas of Primate Skeletal Anatomy 484
Appendix B: Sexing and Aging the Skeleton 492
Glossary 497
Bibliography 506
Index 532
v
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.