Introduction to Networking with Network+

553 Pages·2012·11.138 MB·English

by  Timothy Pintello

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Introduction to Networking
with Network1
Timothy Pintello
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Credits
VP & PUBLISHER Don Fowley
EXECUTIVE EDITOR John Kane
EDITOR Bryan Gambrel
DIRECTOR OF SALES Mitchell Beaton
EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER Chris Ruel
EDITORIAL PROGRAM ASSISTANT Jennifer Lartz
SENIOR PRODUCTION
& MANUFACTURING MANAGER Janis Soo
ASSOCIATE PRODUCTION MANAGER Joel Balbin
ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER Debbie Martin
CREATIVE DIRECTOR Harry Nolan
COVER DESIGNER Jim O’Shea
TECHNOLOGY AND MEDIA Tom Kulesa/Wendy Ashenberg
COVER PHOTO Arthur Kwiatkowski /Getty Images, Inc
This book was set in Garamond by Aptara®, Inc. and printed and bound by Bind-Rite Robbinsville. The cover was printed
by Bind-Rite Robbinsville.
Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
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ISBN 9780470487327
Printed in the United States of America
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Preface
Welcome to Introduction to Networking with Network1. Wiley aims produce a series of
textbooks that deliver compelling and innovative teaching solutions to instructors and superior
learning experiences for students. Crafted by a publisher known worldwide for the pedagogical
quality of its products, these textbooks maximize skills transfer in minimum time. Students are
challenged to reach their potential by using their new technical skills as highly productive
members of the workforce.
■ The Wiley Program
Introduction to Networking with Network1 includes a complete program for instructors and
institutions to prepare and deliver a fundamentals of networking course and prepare students
for CompTIA’s Network1 certifi cation exam. We recognize that, because of the rapid pace of
change in networking technology and changes in the CompTIA Network1 curriculum, there
is an ongoing set of needs beyond classroom instruction tools for an instructor to be ready to
teach the course. Our program endeavors to provide solutions for all these needs in a system-
atic manner in order to ensure a successful and rewarding course experience for both instructor
and student—technical and curriculum training for instructor readiness with new software
releases; the software itself for student use at home for building hands-on skills, assessment,
and validation of skill development; and a great set of tools for delivering instruction in the
classroom and lab. All are important to the smooth delivery of an interesting introduction to
networking course, and all are provided with the Wiley technology program. We think about
the model below as a gauge for ensuring that we completely support you in your goal of
teaching a great course. As you evaluate your instructional materials options, you may wish to
use the model for comparison purposes with available products.
www.wiley.com/college/ or
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Illustrated Book Tour
■ Pedagogical Features
Introduction to Networking with Network1 is designed to cover all the learning objectives for
the Network1 exam, which is referred to as its “exam objectives.” The Network1 exam
objectives are highlighted throughout the textbook. Many pedagogical features have been
developed specifi cally for our Wiley information technology titles.
Presenting the extensive procedural information and technical concepts woven throughout the
textbook raises challenges for the student and instructor alike. The Illustrated Book Tour that
follows provides a guide to the rich features available with Introduction to Networking with
Network1. Following is a list of key features in each lesson designed to prepare students for
success on the certifi cation exams and in the workplace:
(cid:129) Each lesson begins with an Exam Objective Matrix. More than a standard list of
learning objectives, the Exam Objective Matrix correlates each software skill covered in
the lesson to the specifi c Network1 exam objective.
(cid:129) Illustrations: Screen images provide visual feedback as students work through the
exercises. The images reinforce key concepts, provide visual clues about the steps, and
allow students to check their progress.
(cid:129) Key Terms: Important technical vocabulary is listed at the beginning of the lesson.
When these terms are fi rst used later in the lesson, they appear in bold italic type and
are defi ned.
(cid:129) Engaging point-of-use Reader aids, located throughout the lessons, tell students
why this topic is relevant (The Bottom Line), provide students with helpful hints
(Take Note), or show alternate ways to accomplish tasks (Another Way). Reader
aids also provide additional relevant or background information that adds value to
the lesson.
(cid:129) Certification Ready features throughout the text signal students where a specifi c
certifi cation objective is covered. They provide students with a chance to check their
understanding of that particular Network1 exam objective and, if necessary, review the
section of the lesson where it is covered.
(cid:129) Knowledge Assessments provide progressively more challenging lesson-ending activities,
including practice exercises and case scenarios.
(cid:129) A Lab Manual is integrated with this textbook. The Lab Manual contains hands-on lab
work corresponding to each of the lessons within the textbook. Numbered steps give
detailed, step-by-step instructions to help students learn networking. The labs are
constructed using real-world scenarios to mimic the tasks students will see in the
workplace.
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vi | Illustrated Book Tour
■ Lesson Features
c09BasicNetworkSecurity.indd Page 285 1/26/12 1:33 PM user-f501 F-401
9
Basic Network LESSON
Security
EXAM OBJECTIVE MATRIX Exam Objective Matrix
TECHNOLOGY SKILL COVERED EXAM OBJECTIVE EXAM OBJECTIVE NUMBER
Network Security
Considerations
Basic Network Security Explain common threats, 5.4
Threats vulnerabilities, and mitigation
techniques.
• Wireless:
•• WWaarr dchriavliknigng Business Scenario
• WEP cracking
• WPA cracking
• Evil twin
• A• ttRaocgkus:e access point c09BasicNetworkSecurity.indd Page 287 1/26/12 1:33 PM user-f501 F-401
• DoS
• DDoS
• Man in the middle
•• VSoircuisal engineering Basic Network Security | 287
• Worms
• Buffer overflow Allen Fox is the IT manager of a large call center. There have been a number of problems in his call
•• PFaTPck beot usnnicfefing center related to basic security threats such as spyware and viruses. Allen determines that one way he
• Smurf can minimize these problems is to educate the people who work in the call center about basic secu-
Countering Basic Given a scenario, use the 4.4 rity problems. What things should Allen include in his education plan for the call center employees?
Security Threats appropriate network monitoring
r•e sSoNuMrPce to analyze traffic. ■ Network Security Considerations
• SNMPv2
•Ea xuSptNhlaMeinPnvt i3mcaettihoond.s of user 5.3 Ntheretwatos,r khionwg lteoa vceosm cboamt pthutreerast ss,u asncedp wtihblaet ttoo sdeoc uarfitteyr tah sreecautsr.i tTyh viiso lleastsioonn choavs etrask seenc uprliatcye .
••• APKKeArIAb e(rRoAsDIUS, TACACS+) THE BOTTOM LINE ITcfo hnae srcieodfmeorrapetu,i otifen ry woisuh a ahttta anvceeht eawd no treokt w aso encruekt rwoitfoy a rtknh yir nesa oatrsnt yai rnwe yathoy,ue irrte h iason vmdu elhn ooerwr aw btooler dkte,o ay loo uwut isntihde eetd ha ettmtoa c.tkak. e into
• Network access control
•• (CM8H0SA2-C.P1HxA, Pposture assessment) Tttohh ehe f aofvilrelso taw scitnoempg spteorc emuhreiinntyism i cvoeiz nens eindtewetrwoartokiro ksne ssc:eucruitryit yp othlirceya tfso ri ny oau cro brpuosirnaetess o. rY obuurs ipnoeslisc eyn svhiorounldm aedndt riess s
• What security threats does your organization have to combat?
285 • What can you do to combat a security threat?
• What should you do after a security violation has taken place?
This lesson deals with each of these considerations in detail.
c09BasicNetworkSecurity.indd Page 286 1/26/12 1:33 PM user-f501 F-401 ■ Basic Network Security Threats
This portion of Lesson 9 outlines the various threats that are typically seen on a computer
286 | Lesson 9 connected to or on a network. This section discusses various types of malicious software.
THE BOTTOM LINE Athdisd isteicotnioanlly o, ft hLee sdsiofnfe r9e nocuetsl ibneetsw ae ecnou vpirleu soefs ,c owmormmosn, aanttda ctkros jaannsd avrue lndiesrcaubsisleitdie. sF fionuanllyd,
• EAP on networks.
• Two-factor authentication
•• MSinugltliefa scitgonr- oanuthentication Fhiarvset, tyoo cuo nmebeadt ?t”o aanndsw “Aerr et hteh eforel losewciunrgit yq uthesrteiaotns st:h “aWt ahrea tc soemcumriotyn tthor ethates ednoteirse m nye tcwoomrkp?a”n y
After an Attack Explain common threats, 5.4 Next, you need to look at the unique threats that exist for your company or for specific por-
Has Occurred vulnerabilities, and mitigation CERTIFICATION READY tions of your company. It is important to realize that different companies in different lines of
techniques. What are some common business have different priorities and needs when it comes to network security. This fact leads
Network Tools that Can • •••M iTPItnriaagctiaicndthiein onmgnt a artneenascdphg oanemnwiqsaeuerneetsn:ess snwt5he.ea4rcteyuwasro itttsroy?k ?tmh Wirteihgaatastt eta orte ha os soem e dtattohrniaf edcftreh ketre. re tiyAnori t nsst ichgttoh uetmeiaor t spioaaoadwynndin.ni reT gelssi hngst eooet hemotseaf,omk “bsek.tu dnAismiiosfnwf peleoisornsenr,ngtg aa t inn asms td h aetaah alrcsifeonu tmgtrhae epkiss ai bintnnahg ytaa t sdtlites dea .a”p rctes os ltsemoian spagtad antdhwyrr eaeisrsase t l stoo hotfeh ktmaihnte, gt tsh hapeetey ycs eicafcoirucen rstoiihtdnyre e trtahh tserspe oreaicutgisthf itc
Be Used for Good or Bad Too often, companies—especially smaller ones—do not even think about these things. A com-
pany that is not thinking about security issues is already at great risk and vulnerable to attack
from outside groups or individuals. However, this issue is not limited to companies or busi-
nesses; it is also a problem in our homes as well. In fact, many small-time hackers (sometimes
KEY TERMS cleaslsloedn sscariidp,t a kniyd dcoiems)p auctteura lcloyn anceticvteeldy ttoa ragnety htyopme eo cf onmetpwuoterkrs .i sA vsu tlhnee rvaebrlye ftior sbt esienngt eanttcaec okfe dth. is
802.11x Network Access Control (NAC) Tpuhtee rI nctoenrnneetc tiesd t htoe bthigeg Ienstt earnndet leisa sbty c doenftirnoiltlieodn naett rwisokr ka nodu ty othue rseh.o Tuhldis t makeea sntse pths atto apnryo tceocmt i-t.
AAA (authentication, authorization, accounting) packet analyzer
attackers packet sniffer
authentication phishing
botnet physical security
certificate port scanner
certificate authority private key encryption
Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) private key certificate
Denial of Service (DoS) Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
digital certificate remote access
dumpster diving Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS)
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Remote Shell (RSH) Key Terms
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) rogue access point
fraggle attack Secure Copy Protocol (SCP)
holder Secure File Transfer Protocol or SSH File Transfer
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Protocol (SFTP)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) Secure Shell (SSH)
identity theft Simple Network Management Protocol
intrusion detection software (IDS) version 3 (SNMPv3)
intrusion prevention software (IPS) smurf attack
Kerberos social engineering
local access spyware
macro TELNET
macro virus T erSmyisnteaml A Pccluess s( TCAoCnAtrCoSll+e)r Access-Control
malicious software Trojan horse
man-in-the-middle attack virus
M icPrroostoofcto Cl (hMalSle-CngHeA-PH)andshake Authentication worm
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Illustrated Book Tour | vii
c07LANTechnologies.indd Page 228 25/01/12 2:03 PM user-f396 F-402
228 | Lesson 7
IwutTs hAeisi Kl teEgh oNe1o O0wdTGEi rt*Biona ngse oi-ntTef rtcaha-antn ot a1Cnl0osAoGtT ahB b6aalsAes e t t-owoT ib arteicon hr gbiee penv leeuae cstdeehsdde . t efoTuf fhblelei cs1 t ii0hnv0ae ps-ly mlra ewcesetuiet.l hrtS e rtadaa nn riagdnnea agrt dehs laoCotfw ACu TapAd T6too pc 61taAin0o 0ncw a moonfr e kattc heihrnissi e sitvoneecm .ah enL osAiltoNuga yet.in oIvnni sro,o rnbdumetre infto tir,s
structure of older ver- 40/100 GIGABIT ETHERNET
svuiniesofrenrs ai1sos 0tonrGfsu EBcottfauh sEreeet-r.hTnee’srt n,w eoitlr dicneargn 4dEm0etohf idGenerein gdfeai btbu eiintsr, d afseunirnld lt-g hd1leeu0- p0ImEl eGoExdi Egjeu a 8fsbit0bi t2le i.rEk3,e tbah 1nae 0drsn t Gcaeonti pdgapaarbreed ritt h ctEhaetb ahltlai etnwregnsa.tes t1Er 0eatlhn0eed aGrs nieisdeg ti an ibsnttie atJn nuEddnteahedr ed 2rts0no 1ae bvt0 ea.i isul4 aas0bles/ldo1e . 0w iB0ni ttoGehtnh imdg aaeurbdeli t tti o-
have a range of up to 40 km using single-mode fiber. 40/100 Gigabit Ethernet also does not
support CSMA/CD just like the previously discussed 10 Gigabit Ethernet. Finally 40/100
Gigabit Ethernet is intended as a bridge technology between current Ethernet standards and
an eventual Terabit Ethernet standard that has not been developed yet.
■ Other LAN Concepts
In this portion of Lesson 7, the basic LAN concepts of broadcasting, collision, bonding,
speed, and distance are discussed. This section of Lesson 7 also explains how distance
THE BOTTOM LINE needs to be taken into account when designing a new network. Additionally, a few
concepts related to networking and particularly to LANs are discussed.
Bottom Line
Broadcast
CWHneEohtwRwaTt oa IarrFkreIei Cnt bhAgre?Toy IHa OudosNcwea d sRd tiEson?Ae sD Y Iinann elg toiw tctshao lser ik nmd.e aptItwnlae osbfrtrr kato.me arEedmt chcsaoe, srnatn tnbeatiren otiiwsan adog cr btakhrsioenta gidds,ac wbtaasrh tot-eaobrd eaac slaael sdcct oson,mm eatpspw uudottereeskrrc s rst iedebncierhddensc hotdlleyaor tegca,yo .aancrnreoe ucssst eeadd n tteoot wisteo nordnk dba aylt oasce aancld r-oss c03Media.indd Page 57 24/01/12 1:22 PM user-f396 F-402
t3h.7is relate to Ethernet? Iann otthhee rc acsoem opf uEttehre ornne tth, ew lhoecna la n ceotmwoprukt,e rit ocnre aa tleosc aa l dnaettaw forarmk ew. iTshheiss tdoa tsae nfdra mdaet ac oton tains
the data that a computer needs to send across the network as well as its own physical Media | 57
address and the physical address of the computer for which the data frame is intended.
Tlohcael snenetdwinogrk c.o Tmhpeu ctoemr tphuetne rrse loenas tehs et hloec parl enpeatrwedo rdka ltias tferna mtoe etvoe aryll dthatea c formampeu ttehrast o cno mthees Figure 3-9
by and read their physical destination addresses. If the physical destination is the same as Shielded twisted-pair cable
that of the computer looking at it, the computer retrieves the data frame and processes it. showing its shielding
If the destination physical address does not match that of the computer looking at it, the
data frame is ignored and not opened.
COLLISION
CWWocEhhcRuaeTntr ?I idFs oIaC cAcooTlllIliiOssiioNonn sR? EADY Aobptrl ahoccoeaerdl.l cibBsaeisecotca-nabu uasisses ee w tdahh endeyera ettww at ewofrrreoak m rideneilgfe f iaetsser esecdenhn tnot odn tlatooot ga at ilfhelr seta hcmnreeee ctaswot femor otrphkmue a ttctew irtrsohc u oed mnsia fsafmte alreone cnctaietml s c ntoehe.m taTwtp hoauelrtl keop rwrssee ivgcnimootleulerinssflietyor, endi fswi satcinotuh yst sateekwadeco h
3.7 computers on that segment send data at the same time, a collision is inevitable. CERTIFICATION READY
Collisions are inevitable because every data frame sent out by one computer is going to every What are STP cables?
other computer on the network. Sooner or later the two data frames that were released at the How do they differ from
same time will collide. CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA were developed so that a network would be UTP cables?
able to do two things: (1) limit the number of collisions that take place on a network and (2) so 3.1
the network and the computers on it would know how to recover when a collision did take place.
CERTIFICATION READY
What is coaxial cable? Coaxial
What applications was it
used in during the past? Coaxial cable, referred to as coax, contains a center conductor made of copper that is sur-
Where are you most rounded by a plastic jacket. The plastic jacket then has a braided shield over it. A plastic
Screen Images Take Note ltmt3iyok.po1deesalytsy ?ctooo fW m fcihonmaadotx cniaaolrylae cx utaishabeell de ct ?awbole srdmitnoeuafugxcteie hnrctd rih ace gabsidapt y sP atc eoVllasoi ttCawcciesah h sloae eror sn pe rTf q liteemruhnfeileu,uro yenimn t iat c-cwhrireopeai vslatbleeel u rndcfsroi o nrcttaeeoh t draiciesn.tol iegmPdnasleg see .betnw a Teutlhco hmaesxiuhnsi csi r ececa lgo atdiiabafn.s tl pegieTns lh.iaeg spneN ih pusToi lmdeienefxd--slprpo etaennloent - neitsandyuilv lp mw ecet;ay-a crhbplaloolestev swe ae dioners ivf dcnu eac gsrcba,e e bildiiseltl sii ifnn inrdsgeg ooq,as . furi btneMeeulcnneilaatlu ndlmsydey- ia nng-
TAKE NOTE* UTP and STP cables, and is an approved replacement for all other compositions of cable
Reader Aid It is no longer necessary sheathing and insulation. There is more about plenum and non-plenum cabling later in
to know much about this lesson.
c12NetworkTroubleshooting.indd Page 442 1/27/12 1:31 PM user-f501 F-401 muTshoeeds t p icnroi mdaxaa trcaya nbpleleta wctyeop rtekhssa .t Thoabwleev 3er-,1 t hlisatts wsoem teen sdp etoci fuiscea toionnlys RfoGr -t5h9e danifdfe rReGnt- 6ty ipne sm oofd ceoranx diaal yc asibtlueast. iYoonus. should note,
coaxial is used today is in
cable TV and broadband
442 | Lesson 12 ItThnhetee cr cnaabeblte lae Tc ucVsees pds r fforoovrmi de rs. RG RATING POPULAR NAME EIMTHPLEERMNEETN TATION T YPE OF CABLE
Figure 12-22 cable TV is known as RG-58 U N/A None Solid copper
Cable certifier 7ca5b oleh TmV c acbolaex. iRs Gus-e6d o r RG-58 A/U Thinnet 10Base-2 Stranded copper
in the broadband home RG-8 Thicknet 10Base-5 Solid copper
IUannstyee rsonofer ctt ofaaocxrc ieaEslst h cmaebranlreekste -ot.f R G-59 CLoawbl ec otsetl,e vshisoiortn distance N/A Solid copper
based networks is pretty RG-6 Cable television, N/A Solid copper
much a thing of the past. cable modems
Longer distances than
RG-59; some power
implementations
Table 3-1 RG-62 ARCnet (obsolete) N/A Solid/stranded copper
Coaxial Cable Specifications
TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER (TDR)
The main use for Time-Domain Reflectometers (TDRs) is to test cables that are in
place. A TDR is not only sonar for copper cables and other connections. When you
connect a TDR to a metal cable it will send an electrical pulse down the wire. The re-
sponse back tells the TDR if there is a fault in the wiring somewhere and exactly how
far down the cable the fault is located if there is one. TDRs can also be used in metal
circuit boards and can tell where faults may be in the circuit board. Some cable certifiers
like the one shown in Figure 12-22 have TDR capabilities built into them. Figure 12-23
shows a TDR.
Figure 12-23
Time-Domain Reflectometer
(TDR)
CERTIFICATION READY
WOThDaRt sa?r eH ToDwR as raen tdh ey OPTICAL TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER (OTDR)
related? How are they An Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) is basically a TDR for fiber-optic cables.
different? It works the same way as a TDR, except that it is designed for fiber-optic cable instead of
4.2 copper cables. The cable certifier shown in Figure 12-22 also has OTDR capabilities.
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viii | Illustrated Book Tour
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Media | 67
■ Installing Wiring Distributions
In this portion of Lesson 3, we discuss how to install wiring and distribute it across the
network and topics such as horizontal and vertical cross-connects, patch panels, and Main
Distribution Frames and Intermediate Distribution Frames and their related equipment.
THE BOTTOM LINE Additionally we examine how to verify that both your wire installation and wire
termination are good.
Certification
There are many components involved in wiring a computer network. The components
CERTIFICATION READY involved are not just the cables themselves but also connectors, devices the connectors go
Ready Alert What are some of into, different types of cables based on purpose, and many other things. The following section
the main components of this lesson discusses some of those devices and types of cables.
of cable distribution
in a network? What
does each of those Vertical and Horizontal Cross-Connects
components do?
Cross Reference 3.8 Ael ecmroesnst-sc,o pnlnuesc tth ies rae lcoocnantieocnti ownit ohfin t hao csaeb ellienmg esnysttse wmi tthh ajut mfapcielrista, tteesr mthien atetiromni nbaloticokns ,o afn cda/ble
Reader Aid LeXssoRnE F6 in this book ochora mvceae bs ptleoesgc etifotih cae nrp.a aTmtchehes pcaanabndle eslsp, ueacnsiedfdi c staoot i oomnn.as k Itneh taohtt ehg eocro wnwinothercd ttshi,o etnmh ef.r ocrmos tsh-ceo snwnietccth eiss wtoh ethree aclol mthpeu wteirrse s
will go into much more
detail about this topic. Cables that run from communications closets to wall outlets are known as horizontal connect
cables, because they are generally used on the same floor of a building. Sometimes a horizontal
cable will run directly from a switch to a wall jack, but more often it will run from something
called a patch panel (discussed next) to the wall outlet.
More Information The cable that connects the patch panel with the switch is called a patch cable and is not
considered part of the horizontal cable. The cable that connects the wall outlet to the actual
Reader Aid ccoomnnpeuctteorr ios na lbsoo tcha lelendd sa apnadtc ihs ucasebdle .t oI nc oonthneerc tw ao nrdest,w ao rpka tdcehv iccaeb tloe ais naentyw coarbkl ed etvhiacte ,h aa sw aa ll
jack to a network device, or a network device to a patch panel. Patch cables come in two
c05NetworkProtocols.indd Page 125 24/01/12 1:29 PM user-f396 F-402 main types and one secondary type. These types are straight-through, crossover, and rollover.
These cables were discussed earlier in this lesson.
When using UTP cables for the horizontal connect cables, the cable should not exceed 100 meters,
which includes the entire distance from the switch all the way to the computer at the other end.
Network Protocols | 125 Any patch cables that are used to connect up the computers are included in the 100-meter length.
Here is a formula that is used to try and keep all this in perspective. The cross-connect
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• Data corruption: The date contained in the packet is corrupted. When this happens, jack to the actual computer should not be longer than 3 meters. These values are not
although the data arrived at the correct destination, the data carried in the packet is absolute, but they are a good point to start with and try to stay within. If you add up
useless because whatever data sent is not what has arrived. all the cable lengths, you end up with 99 meters. This is one meter within the Category
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so that a networking device somewhere down the line discarded it or the connection Backbone cables that connect equipment rooms, telecommunications rooms, and other physi-
between the destination and the source could have gone down, which meant the packet cal termination points are referred to as vertical connect cables. This name came about because
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The following paragraphs will computer. This could happen because the source computer received a message that a involved depend on the size of the installation, the needs of the organization, and the struc-
go into some detail about the packet was lost when it was not and so it sent a second packet. This can also happen if ture in which they are installed.
headers of select protocols. This TCP, a higher-level protocol, expected a response from the destination computer and did
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c04NetworkAddressing.indd Page 86 24/01/12 1:24 PM user-f396 F-402
One of the important things to know about the IPv4 protocol is what the IP header portion
of a packet looks like. Figure 5-2 shows this.
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Source IP Address of the network. This is especially true considering that if you use both the third and fourth
Destination IP Address octets, you are allowed well over 65,000 host numbers. That is way too many host IP addresses
Options and Padding for just 178 computers.
Data ANDing
The next logical question related to subnetting is, “How does the computer know what
As you can see in Figure 5-2, there are many parts to an IP header. The first 4 bits of the header portion of the network address is for the host and which part is for the network ID?” This
contain the IP version being used. This is important because IPv4 is handled a bit differently than is where something called the subnet mask comes in. The subnet mask is a series of 1s and
IPv6 is by networking devices. The next 4 bits contain the IHL, which stands for the Internet 0s that the computer uses to determine which part of the IP address is the network ID
Header Length and specifies how many 32-bit words are used to make up the IP header. The versus which part is the host. The subnet mask is all 1s followed by all 0s. Ones are placed
minimum value for an IP header to be valid is five. Because our example has six 32-bit words in in the portion of a four octet IP address that is intended for the network, but 0s are
it, it is a valid IP header. The next 8 bits are the Differentiated Services field, which is intended placed in the portion of an IP address that is intended for host. The computer then com-
to show any differentiated services that are used by this IP packet. Differentiated services are a pares the subnet mask IP address to the actual IP address of the computer to determine
number of enhancements created for IP that are intended to help IP easily discriminate scalable which part is which.
services that are available on the Internet. Scalable services are services that can be built into net-
work nodes and make it possible to quantify network performance based on peak performance, To illustrate this, we will use our example from earlier. The IP address we used previously was
bandwidth, and so on, as well as more relative measures of performance. If you wish to know 192.130.227.27. Also we stated that 192.130.227 was the network portion of that address
more about this, you can read up on it in RFC 2474. RFC stands for Request For Comment and and the.27 part was the host portion of that address. Finally if you look back even earlier in
this lesson, we said the binary value for this IP was 11000000100000101110001100011011.
This is all well and good, but how do you tell the computer this? You tell the computer this
by giving it the subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
The next logical question is, “How does this tell the computer anything?” The answer to
that question comes from comparing the binary address of the computer to the binary
equivalent of the subnet mask. The binary equivalent for the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 is
11111111111111111111111100000000. The computer uses a logical AND truth table to
compare the full IP address of the computer to the subnet mask. The logical AND truth table
resembles Table 4-1.
Table 4-1
Logical AND Truth Table INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT
0 0 0
Easy-to-Read 0 1 0
Tables 1 0 0
1 1 1
Following the AND truth table rules shown in Figure 4-1, the computer compares the binary
Table 4-2 value of the IP address to the binary value of the subnet mask. The process of comparing the
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Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
AND
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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