Table Of ContentIntroduction to
Financial Accounting
First Edition
Based on United States Generally
Accepted Accounting Principles
David Annand
AAddaapptteedd bbyy Teresa Thompson
Introduction to
Financial Accounting
First Edition
Based on United States Generally
Accepted Accounting Principles
David Annand
Adapted by Teresa Thompson
Copyright © 2018 Estate of Henry Dauderis
Published by Valley Educational Services Ltd.
Box 308, Rochester AB T0G 1Z0
ISBN 978‐0‐9953266‐4‐4
Printed and bound in Canada by Athabasca University
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Annand, David, 1954–
This textbook is licensed under a Creative Commons License, Attribution–Non‐
commercial–Share Alike 4.0 Canada: see www.creativecommons.org. This
material may be reproduced for non‐commercial purposes and changes may
be used by others provided that credit is given to the author.
To obtain permission for uses beyond those outlined in the Creative Commons
license, please contact David Annand at [email protected].
Latest version available at http://business.athabascau.ca/faculty/david‐
annand‐edd/
Please forward suggested changes to [email protected].
Version 3.0
July 31, 2018
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Financial Accounting 1
A. Accounting Defined 2
B. Business Organizations 2
C. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles 5
D. Financial Statements 9
E. Transactions Analysis and Double‐entry Accounting 14
Summary of Chapter 1 Learning Objectives 20
Concept Self‐check 22
Comprehension Problems 23
Problems 29
2. The Accounting Process 37
A. Accounts 38
B. Transactions Analysis Using Accounts 43
C. The Trial Balance 50
D. Using Formal Accounting Records 53
E. The Accounting Cycle 57
Summary of Chapter 2 Learning Objectives 59
Concept Self‐check 61
Comprehension Problems 62
Problems 74
3. Financial Accounting and the Use of Adjusting Entries 83
A. The Operating Cycle 84
B. Adjusting Entries 89
C. The Adjusted Trial Balance 99
D. Using the Adjusted Trial Balance to Prepare Financial
Statements 101
E. The Accounting Cycle 102
F. The Closing Process 103
Summary of Chapter 3 Learning Objectives 108
Concept Self‐check 113
Comprehension Problems 114
Problems 122
4. The Classified Balance Sheet and Related Disclosures 133
A. Financial Statement Disclosure Decisions 134
B. Classified Balance Sheet 136
C. Notes to Financial Statements 142
D. The Auditor’s Report 146
Summary of Chapter 4 Learning Objectives 148
Concept Self‐check 150
Comprehension Problems 152
Problems 154
5. Accounting for the Sale of Goods 159
A. The Basics of Merchandizing 160
B. The Purchase and Payment of Merchandising Using the
Perpetual Inventory Method 162
C. Merchandise Inventory: Sales and Collections Using the
Perpetual Inventory Method 166
D. Adjustments to Merchandise Inventory Using the Perpetual
Inventory Method 170
E. Merchandising Income Statement 177
F. Closing Entries for a Merchandiser Using the Perpetual
Inventory Method 179
Appendix: The Periodic Inventory System 182
Summary of Chapter 5 Learning Objectives 194
Concept Self‐check 197
Comprehension Problems 198
Problems 201
6. Assigning Costs to Merchandise 209
A. Inventory Cost Flow Assumptions 210
B. Financial Statement Impact of Different Inventory Cost Flows 223
C. Lower of Cost and Net Realizable Value (LCNRV) 226
D. Estimating the Balance in Merchandise Inventory 227
Appendix: Inventory Cost Flow Assumptions
Under the Periodic System 231
Summary of Chapter 6 Learning Objectives 234
Concept Self‐check 237
Comprehension Problems 238
Problems 248
7. Cash and Receivables 255
A. Internal Control 256
B. Petty Cash 257
C. Cash Collections and Payments 260
D. Accounts Receivable 278
E. Notes Receivable 287
Summary of Chapter 7 Learning Objectives 289
Concept Self‐check 291
Comprehension Problems 292
Problems 297
8. Long‐lived Assets 309
A. Establishing Cost of Property, Plant, and Equipment (PP&E) 310
B. Depreciation 314
C. Disposal of Property, Plant, and Equipment 323
D. Accounting for Major Components and Subsequent Expenditures 327
E. Intangible Assets 330
F. Goodwill 332
G. Disclosure 333
Summary of Chapter 8 Learning Objectives 344
Concept Self‐check 339
Comprehension Problems 341
Problems 349
9. Debt Financing: Current and Non‐current Liabilities 359
A. Current versus Non‐current Liabilities 360
B. Known Current Liabilities 360
C. Estimated Current Liabilities 366
D. Non‐current Liabilities 369
Summary of Chapter 9 Learning Objectives 373
Concept Self‐check 375
Comprehension Problems 375
Problems 379
10. Debt Financing: Bonds 385
A. The Nature of Bonds and the Rights of Bondholders 386
B. The Bond Accounting Process 390
C. Bond Amortization and Interest 395
Appendix 1: Present Value Calculations 405
Appendix 2: The Effective Interest Method of Amortization 413
Summary of Chapter 10 Learning Objectives 419
Concept Self‐check 421
Comprehension Problems 422
Problems 427
11. Equity Financing 435
A. The Corporate Structure 436
B. The Debt versus Equity Financing Decision 441
C. Recording Stock Transactions 443
D. Cash Dividends 449
E. Book Value 455
Appendix 1: Stock Dividends 457
Appendix 2: Retained Earnings 460
Summary of Chapter 11 Learning Objectives 464
Concept Self‐check 468
Comprehension Problems 470
Problems 478
12. The Statement of Cash Flows 485
A. Financial Statement Reporting 486
B. Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows 488
C. Interpreting the Statement of Cash Flows 507
Appendix: Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows using a Cash 509
Flow Table
Summary of Chapter 14 Learning Objectives 528
Concept Self‐check 529
Comprehension Problems 530
Problems 539
13. Financial Statement Analysis 545
A. Introduction to Ratio Analysis 546
B. Liquidity Ratios: Analyzing Short‐term Cash Needs 550
C. Profitability Ratios: Analyzing Operating Activities 559
D. Leverage Ratios: Analyzing Financial Structure 563
E. Market Ratios: Analysis of Financial Returns to Investors 566
F. Overall Analysis of Big Dog’s Financial Statements 569
G. Horizontal and Vertical Trend Analysis 570
H. Summary of Financial Ratios 574
Summary of Chapter 13 Learning Objectives 578
Concept Self‐check 579
Comprehension Problems 580
Problems 589
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction to
Financial Accounting
Chapter 1 Learning Objectives
LO1 – Define accounting.
LO2 – Identify and describe the forms of business organizations.
LO3 – Identify and explain generally accepted accounting principles
(GAAP).
LO4 – Identify and explain the uses of the four financial statements.
LO5 – Analyze transactions using the accounting equation.
CHAPTER ONE / Introduction to Financial Accounting Version 1.0 1
Description:Box 308, Rochester AB T0G 1Z0 An ageing of accounts receivable at December 31, 2019 reveals the following information: Age (days). Accounts.